语境及其对语言的制约

1. 语境及其对语言的制约 广义语境和狭义语境

2. 语 境 • 1.广义语境（情景语境Situational Context） 话语的场field of discourse:言语活动的主题 话语的式mode of discourse:言语活动的方式 话语的旨tenor of discourse:言语活动双方的地位关系 • 主要体现为同语言环境密切相关的“社会性因素”： • 社会生活的方方面面、世间的万事万物、人类自身的一切——如时间、地点、场合、话题、交际者的身分和地位、交际者的心理背景和文化背景、交际的目的、交际方式、语码、信息的始发者和接受者以及与话语结构同时出现的各种非语言符号（如姿势、表情）等等都可以成为语境。

3. 2.狭义语境（Verbal Context or Linguistic Context) • 是指交际过程中某一话语结构表达某种特定意义是所依赖的各种表现为言辞的上下文，它既包括书面语中的上下文，也包括口语中的前言后语所限定的环境 。 • 这是语言对自身的制约，我们常称之为“语言环境”(verbal context)或“语言学语境”(linguistic context)。

4. 语境的功能 • 语境对于语言的使用和顺利交际可谓功不可没，它对于语言的表达和理解起着制约和补衬的功能，而且这种功能是绝对的、普遍的。任何时候，语境都决定着语言活动的顺利进行，制约着语言材料的选择和加工提炼。反而言之，语言交际必须以一定的语境为依据，一个人所说的话，所写的文章必须切合具体的语境。我们也可以这样说，离开具体的语境人们就无法进行语言交际，就无法实现信息传递的目的。生活中具体的语言材料之所以产生意义就是因为有了特定的语境。

5. 著名学者对于语境功能的理解 • 1.英国著名语言学家弗思（J. R. Firth）曾颇有见地地指出：言语只有依靠语言环境和上下文才有其真正意义。 • 2.著名人类学家马林诺夫斯基（B. Malinowsky）说：“语境是决定语义的唯一因素，舍此别无意义可言”(Context is the sole determiner of meaning without which meaning does not exist.)。

6. 语境规约词义的选择 • I got on horseback within ten minutes after I got your letter. When I got to Canterbury, I got a chaise for town, but I got wet through, and have got such a cold that I shall not get rid of it in a hurry. I got to the Treasury about noon, but first of all got shaved and dressed. I soon got into the secret of getting a memorial before the Board, but I could not get an answer then; however I got intelligence from a messenger that I should get one next morning. • 这段不到100词的英文中，竟含14个get这个单词。在译文中用何词来表达?原文语境作了具体的规约。

7. 译文：接来函后，不到十分钟，我骑马动身了。到达坎特布里，换乘四轮马车进镇，但一场大雨把我浑身淋湿，患了重感冒，一时不能痊愈。大约中午到达财务委员会，要做的第一件事，就是刮脸换衣。不久，打听到在委员会前树碑的内情。可是我尚未接到通知，不过从送信者口里获悉翌日上午会有通知的。

8. 语境规约译文句子的意义 • “They were Zhou’s welcoming party”怎么翻译？ • 原文语境：A few minutes before Kissinger boarded the aircraft, four senior Chinese officials entered the plane. They were Zhou’s welcoming party; they had been in the capital for three days, but had remained in seclusion. • 上句译文：他们是周总理派来专程迎接基辛格的人员。

9. 原文语境赋予译文表达以巨大的灵 活性和多样性 1. She was on tenterhooks when she heard of her mother’s illness. • 译文：她得知母亲病了，感到坐立不安。 2.The president, being told of the strong earthquake in his country, was on tenterhooks every minute. • 译文：得知本国发生了强烈的地震，总统一直心乱如麻。 3. His parents were on tenterhooks all the time until they got his letter. • 译文：他的父母在收到他的信之前一直心烦意乱。 4.The students were on tenterhooks before the examination began. • 译文：考试开始之前，学生们心里七上八下。 5.The poor boy was on tenterhooks when his father was searching for stick. • 译文：那个可怜的男孩见到父亲到处找棍子，感到六神无主。 6.The hen-pecked man was on tenterhooks when his wife scolded her way into the room. • 译文：当妻子一路骂进房间时，那个怕老婆的男人感到手足无措。