Building KB’s by Assembling Components

1. Building KB’s by Assembling Components Bruce Porter (UT Austin) Peter Clark (Boeing)

2. The Problem • Representations are complex to build from scratch • SMEs not able to encode knowledge directly • But: • representations contain repeated abstractions • productionoccurs in photosynthesis, mitosis, growth • germination includes conversion, production, expansion

3. Building Representations from Reusable Components Hypothesis: • KBs can be constructed easily by connecting pre-built, intermediate-level representations (components) Approach: • Knowledge engineers build a component library containing high-level and mid-level core concepts. • SME’s build knowledge bases by instantiating and assembling the components.

4. Example: Representation of Virus Attack Cell parts parts patient agent contains Cytoplasm Membrane Virus Attack Virus DNA contains contains patient subevents agent patient Lysosome patient patient agent location Arrive Attach Penetrate Enter Uncoat Exit contains then then then then then agent Acid • Are there identifiable components in here? • How can we encode them? • How can an SME use them to build representations such as this one?

5. One component... Cell parts parts patient agent contains Cytoplasm Membrane Virus Attack Virus DNA contains contains patient subevents agent patient Lysosome patient patient agent location Arrive Attach Penetrate Enter Uncoat Exit contains then then then then then agent Acid Object defense defender attacker Barrier Invade Agent agent patient subevents location agent agent agent Arrive Break Enter then then

6. Another component... Cell parts parts patient agent contains Cytoplasm Membrane Virus Attack Virus DNA contains contains patient subevents agent patient Lysosome patient patient agent location Arrive Attach Penetrate Enter Uncoat Exit contains then then then then then agent Acid Agent recipient Container instrument contains patient Deliver Agent Object agent subevents Convey Release then …. Move Move

7. Another component... Cell parts parts patient agent contains Cytoplasm Membrane Virus Attack Virus DNA contains contains patient subevents agent patient Lysosome patient patient agent location Arrive Attach Penetrate Enter Uncoat Exit contains then then then then then agent Acid contains Container Object patient Release agent subevents patient Open Exit then

8. Encoding Components • Move = event that changes the location of a TangibleThing • Convey = Move of a Container and its contents (every Convey has (patient ((a Container))) the Defining property (causes ((forall (the contains of (the patient of Self)) (a Move with (patient ((It))) (source ((the source of Self))) (destination ((the destination of Self))) (concurrent-with ((Self))) )))))

9. Encoding Components Move = event that changes the location of a TangibleThing Convey = Move of a Container and its contents Release = Undo of a Hold Deliver = Convey then Release (every Deliver has (agent ((a Container))) (patient ((a TangibleThing))) (subevents ((a Convey with (agent ((the agent of Self))) (patient ((the patient of Self))) (nextEvent ((the Release subevents of Self)))) (a Release with (agent ((the agent of Self))) (patient ((the patient of Self)))))))

10. Encoding Components Move = event that changes the location of a TangibleThing Convey = Move of a Container and its contents Release = Undo of a Hold Deliver = Convey then Release Container = Barrier that separates two Space’s, inside and outside Enter = Move into a Container through a Portal (Enter has (superclasses (Move)) (every Enter has (beneficiary ((a Container))) (source ((the outside of (the beneficiary of Self))) (destination ((the inside of (the beneficiary of Self))) (through ((oneof (the portal of (the beneficiary of Self))))))

11. SME Using Components:1. Specializing a single component • Vascular Tissue = {as a type of conduit} the conduit in transportation of water from the root system to the shoot system of a plant • Endocytosis = {as a type of take in} the process by which a cell takes in particles from outside the cell.

12. SME Using Components:2. Combining several components Photosynthesis = production of glucose from CO2and water + conversion of energy from sunlight to chemical bonds

13. SME Using Components: Example[This slide to be heard, not seen] • Now we’re going to show how the SME might build the earlier Virus Attack concept using components • This is kind-of a reverse of the abstraction process illustrated earlier • This is *not* the user interface, it just illustrates the operations.

14. SME Using Components: Example The knowledge which the SME wants to encode: “During a virus attack, a virus invades a cell.” “The virus delivers its DNA into the cell.”

15. SME Using Components: Example 1. Name the new concept Virus Attack

16. SME Using Components: Example Cell contains parts parts Virus DNA Cytoplasm Membrane contains contains Lysosome contains Acid Object defense defender attacker Barrier Invade Agent agent patient subevents location agent agent agent Arrive Break Enter then then 2. Locate “Invade”, “Cell”, and “Virus” in the library Virus Attack

17. SME Using Components: Example Cell contains parts parts Virus DNA Cytoplasm Membrane contains contains Lysosome contains Acid Object defense defender attacker Barrier Invade Agent agent patient subevents location agent agent agent Arrive Break Enter then then 3. Relate Cell and Virus to their roles in Invade Virus Attack

18. contains Cell Virus DNA parts parts Cytoplasm Membrane contains contains Lysosome contains Acid 4. System combines the components defender attacker Virus Attack agent patient subevents location agent agent agent Arrive Break Enter then then

19. contains Cell Virus DNA parts parts Cytoplasm Membrane contains contains Lysosome contains Acid 5. SME locates another component, “Deliver”, in the library defender attacker Virus Attack agent patient subevents location agent agent agent Arrive Break Enter then then Container instrument contains recipient patient Agent Deliver Agent Object agent subevents Convey Release patient then …. Move Move

20. contains Cell Virus DNA parts parts Cytoplasm Membrane contains contains Lysosome contains Acid 6. SME relates roles in Deliver to objects in Virus Attack defender attacker Virus Attack agent patient subevents location agent agent Arrive Break Enter then then Container instrument recipient patient Agent Deliver Agent Object agent subevents Convey Release patient then …. Move Move

21. contains Cell Virus DNA parts parts Cytoplasm Membrane contains contains Lysosome contains Acid 7. System combines the components defender attacker Virus Attack agent patient subevents patient location Convey Release then subevents Arrive Break Enter then then

22. contains Cell Virus DNA parts parts Cytoplasm Membrane contains contains Lysosome contains Acid 8. SME locates component for Release defender attacker Virus Attack agent patient subevents patient location Convey Release then subevents Arrive Break Enter then then contains Container Object patient Release agent subevents patient Open Exit then

23. contains Cell Virus DNA parts parts Cytoplasm Membrane contains contains Lysosome agent contains subevents patient Acid Open Exit then 9. System combines the components defender attacker Virus Attack agent patient subevents patient location Convey Release then subevents Arrive Break Enter then then

24. Summary • KBs can be constructed easily by connecting pre-built, intermediate-level representations (components) • Knowledge engineers will build a component library containing high-level and mid-level core concepts. • SME’s will build knowledge bases by instantiating and assembling the components.