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Practical No. 2

Practical No. 2. Study of Flower A : Calyx : types of Calyx. By Dr. N. S. Pawar Head Department of Botany SSVPS Arts, Commerce and Science College Shindkheda, 425406, Dist.- Dhule. FLOWERS AND INFLORESCENCES. TYPES OF INFLORESCENCE. A. RACEMOSE (INDEFINITE). Raceme. Spadix. Spike.

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Practical No. 2

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  1. Practical No. 2 Study of Flower • A : Calyx : types of Calyx By Dr. N. S. Pawar Head Department of Botany SSVPS Arts, Commerce and Science College Shindkheda, 425406, Dist.- Dhule

  2. FLOWERS AND INFLORESCENCES

  3. TYPES OF INFLORESCENCE A. RACEMOSE (INDEFINITE) Raceme Spadix Spike Catkin Compound umbel Umbel Corymb

  4. RACEME

  5. SPIKE

  6. SPADIX CATKIN

  7. CORYMB

  8. UMBEL

  9. COMPOUND UMBEL

  10. PANICLE

  11. Disc floret Disc floret Ray floret Involucre Ray floret CAPITULUM

  12. 3 3 3 4 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 5 2 B. CYMOSE (DEFINITE) 3 1 3 Biparous cyme / Dichasial 6 1 5 4 3 2 1 Scorpioid cyme Helicoid cyme Uniparous / Monochasial

  13. Helicoid cyme Scorpioid cyme

  14. SPECIAL TYPES OF INFLORESCENCE Ostiole Male flowers Male flower Involucre Female flower Female flowers Nectary Cyathium Hypanthodium

  15. CROSS SECTION OF A COMPLETE FLOWER Stigma Pistil (Gynoecium) Style Ovary Pollen Anther Stamen (Androecium) Filament Petal (Corolla) Receptacle/thalamus/torus Sepal (Calyx) Pedicel

  16. Flower Anatomy Calyx: the outer whorl of sepals; typically these are green, but are petal-like in some species.

  17. Calyx The calyx is the outermost whorl of a flower composed of sepals. The sepals are usually green in colour, but sometimes, become brightly coloured then, said to be petaloid as in Caesalpinia pulcherrima. in Musseanda frondosa the sepals are transformed into large, yellow or white and leafy structure. Functions of Calyx:- The primary function of the calyx is protective. It protects the inner parts of the flower from mechanical injury, rain and excessive sun shine, and from drying out in the bud condition. Green in colour, it can also do the phosynthetic function. When petaloid, it performs the function of attracting insects for pollination. When spiny, its function is defensive and as pappus, it helps in the dispersal of fruit. The calyx may be regular or irregular. The sepals are free from one another and is said to be ploysepalous, when united united, gamosepalous. Variations of calyx The calyx may sometimes be absent or modified into scaly structure as in Sunflower, it is modified into a bunch of hair - like structures called pappus eg. Vernonia.

  18. Leaf like calyx Petaloid calyx

  19. Duration of Calyx After the opening of the flower, the calyx usually falls off but it may persist in some cases. According to its duration, it may be described as follows: 1. Caducous or Fugacious:Sometimes the calyx falls off, even before flowers are opened and such a calyx is said to be caducous.eg. Papaver, magnolia etc. 2. Deciduous:When it falls off after the opening of the flower, it is said to be deciduous. (eg) Nelumbo 3. Persistent: In somw other cases, when the calyx persists (unwithered) even after fruit formation, it is said to be persistent. eg. Brinjal,

  20. Flower Anatomy Corolla: the whorl of petals, which are usually thin, soft and colored to attract animals that help the process of pollination. The coloration may extend into the ultraviolet, which is visible to the compound eyes of insects, but not to the eyes of birds.

  21. Flower Anatomy Androecium (from Greek andros oikia: man's house): one or more stamens, each with a filament topped by an anther where pollen is produced. Pollen contains the male gametes.

  22. Flower Anatomy Gynoecium (from Greek gynaikos oikia: woman's house): all the female parts—the pistil(s) withovule(s) inside.

  23. Flower Anatomy The basic unit of the female reproductive structure is the carpel. Each physcial body is called a pistil. A flower may have a single carpel, which is a simple pistil (unicarpellate), or several carpels united in one compound pistil (syncarpous), or a cluster of un-united carpels/pistils (apocarpous) The sticky tip of the pistil, the stigma, is the receptor of pollen. The supportive stalk, the style, becomes the pathway for pollen tubes to grow from pollen grains adhering to the stigma, to the ovules, containing the gametes, housed inside the ovary.

  24. Flower Anatomycarpel carpel structure fertilization

  25. Evolution of the Carpel See figures 3.1 and 3.2 in your book

  26. Flower Structure Variation perfect imperfect imperfect

  27. Flower Structure VariationOvary Position A. ovary superior, floral parts hypogynous B. ovary inferior, floral parts epigynous C. ovary half-inferior D. ovary superior, floral parts perigynous, hypanthium cup shaped

  28. Flower Structure Variation A flower having sepals, petals, stamens, and pistils is complete; if a flower is lacking one or more of these whorls, it is said to be incomplete. complete incomplete no stamens present = incomplete

  29. TERMINOLOGIES • Complete flower (Hibiscus rosa-sinensis) • Incomplete flower (Zea maize) • Actinomorphic (Brasica nigra) • Zygomorphic (Clitoria turnata) • Hermaphrodite/Bisexual (Pisum sativum) 6. Unisexual (Carica papaya) - staminate - pistillate/carpellate 7. Perfect & Imperfect flower ??

  30. 8. Monoecious (monoesius) 9. Dioecious (dioesius) 10. Polygamous (poligamus) 11. Polysepalous (polisepalus) 12. Polypetalous (polipetalus) 13. Gamosepalous (gamosepalus) • Gamopetalous (gamopetalus) • Apetalous (apetalus) • Perianth (tepal) • Staminode (staminod) 18. Carpel (karpel)

  31. Flower • Sterile parts • Sepals: protect flower bud • All sepals called calyx • Petals: pretty parts that attract pollinators • All petals called corolla • Calyx and corolla make up the perianth

  32. Flower • Fertile parts • Stamens • Male reproductive structures • Anther • Filaments • All stamens called androecium

  33. Flower • Fertile parts • Carpel • Stigma • Style • Ovary • All carpels called the gynoecium

  34. Presence or Absence of PartsTerms Applied to Individual Flowers • Complete: has all the floral parts • Sepals • Petals • Stamens • Carpels

  35. Presence or Absence of PartsTerms Applied to Individual Flowers • Incomplete: missing one of more of the floral parts Ginger flower missing petals

  36. Presence or Absence of PartsTerms Applied to Individual Flowers • Perfect (=bisexual): flower with both stamens and carpels Grape flower with stamens and carpels

  37. Presence or Absence of PartsTerms Applied to Individual Flowers • Imperfect (=unisexual): missing stamens or carpels, but not both

  38. Presence or Absence of PartsTerms Applied to Individual Flowers • Staminate (=male): unisexual flower with just stamens present Imperfect staminate flower; stamens only, no carples

  39. Presence or Absence of PartsTerms Applied to Individual Flowers • Carpellate (=female): unisexual flower just carpels present Imperfect carpellate flower; carpel only; no stamens

  40. Presence or Absence of PartsTerms Applied to Plants with Imperfect Flowers • Monoecious: any plant that has both staminate and carpellate flowers

  41. Presence or Absence of PartsTerms Applied to Plants with Imperfect Flowers • Dioecious: plant that has either staminate flowers or carpellate flowers, but not both

  42. Insertion of Floral Parts • The position of the gynoecium in relation to all the other floral parts is the basis for for the terminology used in keys and taxonomic descriptions

  43. Insertion of Floral Parts • Hypogynous: the sepals, petals, and stamens are inserted under the carpel • Ovary is said to be superior

  44. Insertion of Floral Parts • In a perigynous flower, the sepal, petals, and stamens are fused together to form a cup called the hypanthium • The gynoecium sits inside the cup but is not fused to it • Ovary is said to be superior

  45. Insertion of Floral Parts • In a epigynousflower, the sepals, petals, and stamens arise from a point above the ovary • Ovary is said to be inferior

  46. Floral Symmetry • Actinomorphic (=radial): cutting the flower in any pane produces a mirror image

  47. Floral Symmetry • Zygomorphic (=bilateral): can cut the flower in only one plane to get a mirror image

  48. Dioecious/ Monoecious/ Polygamous female male hermaphrodite hermaphrodite Monoecious plant Normal plant female male female male Female plant Male plant Dioecious plant

  49. MONOECIOUS SPECIES

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