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FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg Department Geschichte Professur für Alte Geschichte

FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg Department Geschichte Professur für Alte Geschichte. Academic Writing. FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg Department Geschichte Professur für Alte Geschichte. Revision: What makes a good academic paper?  verifiable results  comprehensible  meaningful overall topic

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FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg Department Geschichte Professur für Alte Geschichte

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  1. FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg Department Geschichte Professur für Alte Geschichte Academic Writing

  2. FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg Department Geschichte Professur für Alte Geschichte Revision: What makes a good academic paper? • verifiable results • comprehensible • meaningful overall topic • independent achievement (giving your own analysis and interpretation of sources and media) • works with current research literature

  3. FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg Department Geschichte Professur für Alte Geschichte Uses grammatically correct and stylistically appropriate language (e.g. no short forms such as “isn’t” or “don’t”) Is clear in terminology, structure and argumentation Evidence and sources support the main argument Evidence and sources are verifiable

  4. FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg Department Geschichte Professur für Alte Geschichte 1.) The Structure of an Academic Paper 1.1 Criteria for a Good Structure and Outline 1.2 Functions and Contents of an Introduction 1.3 The Structure of your Argumentation 1.4 Your Conclusion

  5. FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg Department Geschichte Professur für Alte Geschichte • 1.1 Criteria for a Good Structure and Outline of your Paper • restricted topic • working on a specific problem • It shows that the writer can handle and reflect scientific problems •  It is NOT just a summary of what you have read but includes critical consideration, review, evaluation and assessment

  6. FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg Department Geschichte Professur für Alte Geschichte • Your outline should be: • Clear • Expressive • Informative • Complete • Consistent

  7. FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg Department Geschichte Professur für Alte Geschichte 1.2 Functions and Contents of the introduction • Defines the interest of the paper (Which issues are you looking at? What is it you want to find out?) • Makes clear why your topic is important (Why is it worth considering?) • States your main thesis (What do you want to convey to your readers?) • Gives an overview of your methods and main sources • Outlines the overall structure of your paper

  8. FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg Department Geschichte Professur für Alte Geschichte Potential aspectstobeginwith (forexample): Relevanceofyourtopicforpubliclife Cultural/Historical significanceofyourtopic Academic debateaboutyourtopic Suitablequotation

  9. FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg Department Geschichte Professur für Alte Geschichte 1.3 The Structureofyour Argumentation in the Main Body • An overviewoverrecentresearchliteratureandscientificfindings • A theoreticalframeworkforthetopicyouworkwith • Chapterswhereyouactuallyworkwithtexts, theories, statistics,…andapplythemtoyourtopic

  10. FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg Department Geschichte Professur für Alte Geschichte Revision: What you should do • As far as possible, include primary sources (statistics, letters, diaries,…) • Work with the latest research literature (magazine articles, research articles, monographs) • Be critical  not everything in print is beyond reproach! • Use your own words as far as possible

  11. FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg Department Geschichte Professur für Alte Geschichte • Only include information that you can prove • Distinguish clearly between your ideas and the ideas of others • Select your sources and arguments according to the interest of your paper

  12. FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg Department Geschichte Professur für Alte Geschichte What you should avoid: • Overlong quotes • stringing together quotes • generalizations, platitudes, stereotypes, subjective opinions that are not proven by the argumentation (do not include phrases such as “Personally, I think the text is boring” or “Americans love weapons”) • Excessive use of metatext (“Now I will discuss…” etc.  readers will be able to follow the structure of a good paper through the flow of argumentation without it being hinted explicitly)

  13. FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg Department Geschichte Professur für Alte Geschichte 1.4 Your Conclusion • Should relate to your thesis stated in the introduction • Summarizes the results/ main points of your work • No new information must be added • What was the main insight of your work? • What problems did you encounter? • Are there any unresolved questions? • Which further work could your topic require?

  14. I. How to use citations correctly FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg Department Geschichte Professur für Alte Geschichte

  15. 1. Essentials If you copy another author’s passage or use an another author’s idea, you have to name your source All citations must be relevant to your argument Do not include random citations Footnotes are used for explanatory notes and translations (not for reference) The full bibliographical entry is in your bibliography, in the text shortened references are used FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg Department Geschichte Professur für Alte Geschichte

  16. 2. Direct citation Correspond exactly to the original text Use quotation marks: “” Omissions marked as: […] Errors are not corrected, but followed by [sic] Foreign language citations must be reproduced in the original (translation in footnote) Citations longer than 3 lines: must be set apart from the rest of the text (without quotation marks) slightly indented single spaced smaller font size FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg Department Geschichte Professur für Alte Geschichte

  17. 2. Direct citation Author named in text: In his latest statements, J.R. Killjoy regretted “the never-ending Festschrift craze“ (120). Author named in reference: In his latest statements, he regretted “the never-ending Festschrift craze” (Killjoy 120). Author cited from indirect source: (Killjoy in Smartalleck 25) FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg Department Geschichte Professur für Alte Geschichte

  18. 2. Direct citation Citing two or more texts by the same author: (Killjoy 1995, 13). Citing two or more texts by the same author and with the same year: (Iser 1988a, 123). FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg Department Geschichte Professur für Alte Geschichte

  19. 2. Direct citation Texts by two or three authors: All must be named Texts by more than three authors: Name the first author and use the abbreviation et al. FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg Department Geschichte Professur für Alte Geschichte

  20. 2. Direct citation longer than 3 lines FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg Department Geschichte Professur für Alte Geschichte

  21. 3. Paraphrase of an author’s ideas Do not use quotation marks Clearly indicate where paraphrase begins and ends Use the following form: (cf. Bellamy 9) FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg Department Geschichte Professur für Alte Geschichte

  22. IV. Exercises on compiling bibliographical entries & citations FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg Department Geschichte Professur für Alte Geschichte

  23. Group I – Solutions: KNIGHT, Stephen. “Enter the Detective: Early Patterns of Crime Fiction.” The Art of Murder. New Essays on Detective Fiction. Eds. H.Gustav KLAUS and Stephen KNIGHT. Tübingen: Stauffenburg, 1998. 10-25. RUSSELL, Sharon A.. “Mystery and Horror and the Problems of Adaptation in Angel Heart and Falling Angel.” It’s a Print! Detective Fiction from Page to Screen. Eds. William REYNOLDS and Elizabeth A. TREMBLEY. Bowling Green: Bowling Green State University Popular Press, 1994. 159-173. FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg Department Geschichte Professur für Alte Geschichte

  24. Group I – Solutions: MC CAW, Neil. Adapting Detective Fiction. Crime, Englishness and the TV Detectives. London and New York: Continuum, 2011. PRIESTMAN, Martin. Crime Fiction from Poe to the Present. Plymouth: Northcote, 1998. MUNT, Sally R. Murder by the Book? Feminism and the Crime Novel. London and New York: Routledge, 1994. DUNNETT, Jane. “Crime and the Critics. On the Appraisal of Detective Novels in 1930s Italy.” The Modern Language Review 106 (2011): 745-764. FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg Department Geschichte Professur für Alte Geschichte

  25. Group I – Solutions: Direktes Zitat: “In an unusual example of the increasing influence of one popular form on another, both novel and film combine cinematic and literary traditions in their exploration of the relationship between horror and mystery” (Russell 159). Indirektes Zitat/Paraphrase (beispielhaft): The international celebrity of Sherlock Holmes as a character in detective fiction was evident for example in 2006 when Google placed him as an icon on the anniversary of Arthur Conan Doyle’s death (cf. McCaw 19). FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg Department Geschichte Professur für Alte Geschichte

  26. Group II – Solutions: GLOVER, David. “The Thriller.” The Cambridge Companion to Crime Fiction. Ed. Martin PRIESTMAN. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003. 135-153. THEOHARIS, Jeanne. “Alabama on Avalon.” The Black Power Movement. Rethinking the Civil Rights–Black Power Era. Ed. Peniel E. JOSEPH. New York and London: Routledge, 2006. 27-54. FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg Department Geschichte Professur für Alte Geschichte

  27. Group II – Solutions: ROUTLEY, Erik. The Puritan Pleasures of the Detective Story. A Personal Monograph. London: Gollancz, 1972. HORSLEY, Lee. Twentieth -Century Crime Fiction. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005. LEVAY, Matthew. “Remaining a Mystery. Gertrude Stein, Crime Fiction and Popular Modernism.” Journal of Modern Literature 36 (2013): 1-22. FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg Department Geschichte Professur für Alte Geschichte

  28. Group II – Solutions: Direktes Zitat: According to David Glover, “the thriller is unusual in its reliance upon, or subordination to, the single-minded drive to deliver a starkly intense literary effect” (135). Indirektes Zitat/Paraphrase (beispielhaft): A good example for the richness of ideas and creativeness of the early twentieth-century thriller would be Edgar Wallace, who was the most important author in that genre until his death in 1932 (cf. Glover 139). FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg Department Geschichte Professur für Alte Geschichte

  29. Group III – Solutions: WILLIAMS, Rhonda Y. “Black Women, Urban Politics, and Engendering Black Power.” The Black Power Movement. Rethinking the Civil Rights–Black Power Era. Ed. Peniel E. JOSEPH. New York and London: Routledge, 2006. 79-104. POLLARD III, Alton B. “From Civil Rights to Hip Hop: A Meditation.” The Black Church and Hip Hop Culture. Toward Bridging the Generational Divide. Ed. Emmett G. PRICE III. Lanham, Toronto and Plymouth, UK: The Scarecrow Press, 2012. 3-14. FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg Department Geschichte Professur für Alte Geschichte

  30. Group III – Solutions: WORTHINGTON, Heather. Key Concenpts in Crime Fiction. London and New York: Macmillan, 2011. GREGORIOU, Christina. Deviance in Contemporary Crime Fiction. London and New York: Macmillan, 2007. WINKS, Robin W. ”American Detective Fiction.” American Studies International 19 (1980): 3-16. FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg Department Geschichte Professur für Alte Geschichte

  31. Group III – Solutions: Direktes Zitat: According to Rhonda Williams, “an examination of their articulated motivations and practices not only provides a picture of 1960s’ struggles that often defy clear-cut categorizations, but also expands historical understandings of Black Power […]” (82). Indirektes Zitat/Paraphrase (beispielhaft): Detective fiction, along with the thriller and the gothic novel, has taken the place of the cowboy novel as the most important genre of American popular literature (cf. Winks 3). FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg Department Geschichte Professur für Alte Geschichte

  32. Group IV – Solutions: HOWARD, Charles L. “Deep Calls to Deep: Beginning Explorations of the Dialogue between the Black Church and Hip Hop.” The Black Church and Hip Hop Culture. Toward Bridging the Generational Divide. Ed. Emmett G. PRICE III. Lanham, Toronto and Plymouth, UK: The Scarecrow Press, 2012. 33-42. VANSERTIMA, Ivan. “African Linguistic and Mythological Structures in the New World.” Black Life and Culture in the United States. Ed. Rhoda L. Goldstein. New York: Thomas Y. Crowell Company, 1971. 12-35. FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg Department Geschichte Professur für Alte Geschichte

  33. Group IV – Solutions: COHEN, Cathy J. Democracy Remixed. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 2010. LANE, Anne J. “The Civil War, Reconstruction, and the Afro-American.” Black Life and Culture in the United States. Ed. Rhoda L. GOLDSTEIN. New York: Thomas Y. Crowell Company, 1971. 131-152. BROPHY, Brigid. “Detective Fiction: A Modern Myth of Violence?” The Hudson Review 18 (1965): 11-30. FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg Department Geschichte Professur für Alte Geschichte

  34. Group IV – Solutions: Direktes Zitat: As Brigid Brophy puts it, “the question mark is casting doubt on the violence, not the modernity or the myth […]” (11). Indirektes Zitat/Paraphrase (beispielhaft): In ancient times, where originality and novelty were less important in literature than today, many works by different authors might have contained the subject of one single myth (cf. Brophy 11). FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg Department Geschichte Professur für Alte Geschichte

  35. Group V – Solutions: KINNEY, Esi Sylvia. “Africanisms in Music and Dance of the Americas.” Black Life and Culture in the United States. Ed. Rhoda L. GOLDSTEIN. New York: Thomas Y. Crowell Company, 1971. 49-63. OGBAR, Jeffrey O. G. Black Power. Radical Politics and African American Identity. Baltimore and London: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2004. FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg Department Geschichte Professur für Alte Geschichte

  36. Group V – Solutions: LINCOLN, C. Eric/ MAMIYA, Lawrence H. The Black Church in the African American Experience. Durham and London: Duke University Press, 1990. SKINNER, Elliott P. African Americans and U.S. Policy toward Africa 1850-1924. In Defense of Black Nationality. Washington, D.C.: Howard University Press, 1992. COHEN, Victor. “Progressive Nostalgia: The Post-War Crime Fiction of Paul William Ryan.” Journal of Narrative Theory 37 (2007): 375-399. FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg Department Geschichte Professur für Alte Geschichte

  37. Group V – Solutions: Direktes Zitat: Following Victor Cohen, „at first glance this might seem a curiously anachronistic literary project” (375). Indirektes Zitat/Paraphrase (beispielhaft): African Americans were discriminated against in all areas of public life and laws and customs on different levels made them outsiders (cf. Ogbar 11). FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg Department Geschichte Professur für Alte Geschichte

  38. II. How to find literature and sources FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg Department Geschichte Professur für Alte Geschichte

  39. Contents Library for English (07EN) and American (07AM) Studies OPAC (Online Public Access Catalogue) Jstore MLA International Bibliography Google Books/ Google Scholar Wikipedia? YouTube? FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg Department Geschichte Professur für Alte Geschichte

  40. 1. Library for English (07EN) and American (07AM) Studies Search literature in OPAC Look around FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg Department Geschichte Professur für Alte Geschichte

  41. 2. OPAC (Online Public Access Catalogue) Finding books Interlibrary loan FAUdok Find detailed instructions here: http://www.studon.uni-erlangen.de/studon/goto.php?target=pg_20335_370 FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg Department Geschichte Professur für Alte Geschichte

  42. 3. Jstore Search for essays Only accessible with a university IP address Use a VPN tunnel to get access from your home computers FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg Department Geschichte Professur für Alte Geschichte

  43. 4. MLA International Bibliography Most important bibliography for Literature, Linguistics & Folkloristics Access via Uni Erlangen  OPAC  Databases Search for essays and books FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg Department Geschichte Professur für Alte Geschichte

  44. 5. Google Books/ Google Scholar Good for finding out whether a book or an essay is useful to you FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg Department Geschichte Professur für Alte Geschichte

  45. 6. Wikipedia? What you can use it for: To get a quick overview German and English articles are usually pretty good Look at the literature cited FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg Department Geschichte Professur für Alte Geschichte

  46. 6. Wikipedia? Why you cannot use it as a reliable source: Author of the article is not mentioned Author of the article can be anyone Articles usually show just one point of view Literature cited in articles not sufficient Articles may contain wrong or controversial information, but cite it as “truth” FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg Department Geschichte Professur für Alte Geschichte

  47. 6. Wikipedia? conclusion: Use it for general overview and check the literature cited Do not include information from Wikipedia in your papers Do not cite Wikipedia as a source If you find something interesting in Wikipedia, check the literature and cite that as your source instead FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg Department Geschichte Professur für Alte Geschichte

  48. 7. YouTube? Be careful Videos can be deleted Make sure the author(s) of the video(s) are reliable FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg Department Geschichte Professur für Alte Geschichte

  49. III. Good papers vs. bad papers FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg Department Geschichte Professur für Alte Geschichte

  50. FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg Department Geschichte Professur für Alte Geschichte Introdution: • “I’ve always really like basketball. And since a lot of Blacks play this sport, I find it really important to talk about African Americans.” •  Relevance? • “Blacks” •  Terminology: African Americans • “As you all may know” •  Empty phrase • “[…] the first African slaves arrived in the present-day United States as part of the San Miguel de Gualdape colony, founded by Spanish explorer Lucas Vázquez de Ayllón in 1526.” •  Relevance?; Source? • “Today Blacks are quite accepted” •  What does that mean?; Source • I think this is a great success •  Personal opinion not important in an academic paper

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