Phylogeny

1. Phylogeny (7)  Science concepts. The student knows evolutionary theory is a scientific explanation for the unity and diversity of life. The student is expected to: (A)  analyze and evaluate how evidence of common ancestry among groups is provided by the fossil record, biogeography, and homologies, including anatomical, molecular, and developmental;

2. Phylogeny • Phylogeny is the study of evolutionary relationships. • Organisms are grouped together based on evolutionary classifications. • Evolutionary relationships show a common ancestor based on fossil records, biogeography and homologies. What animal is related to the modern elephant? http://www.biologie.uni-hamburg.de/b-online/library/cat-removed/u4aos2p4.html

3. Phylogeny - Fossils Early horses were smaller Early horses had 4 toes and a padded foot Early horses’ teeth were specialized for eating soft vegetation (not grass) • Common ancestry through the fossil record- • Look at the example of horse fossil record: Based on this data the common ancestor of the horse was different in what ways?

4. Phylogeny - Fossils • By studying the fossil record scientists can: • Determine homologies (similarities from common ancestors) • Date the fossil / organism • Determine when extinction of the species occurred Based on the fossils what was here first? OCEAN OR FOREST

5. Phylogeny - Biogeography • Common ancestry through biogeography- • Recall that biogeography is study of: • where organisms lived; • how many organisms lived there; and • why they lived there. http://www.nymphalidae.net/Biogeography/Biogeography.htm

6. Phylogeny - Biogeography • Biogeographically, the world can be divided into these 6 biomes: • Nearctic • Neotropics • Palaearctic • Afrotropics • Oriental • Australasia http://www.nymphalidae.net/Biogeography/Biogeography.htm

7. Phylogeny - Biogeography • Each biome has unique plants and animals. • Very few species are seen in different biomes. • Let’s look at a few examples: http://www.nymphalidae.net/Biogeography/Biogeography.htm

8. Phylogeny - Biogeography • Nearctic: • Can you name these unique animals? • ____________ 2. ____________ CANADA GEESE PRAIRIE DOGS http://www.nymphalidae.net/Biogeography/Biogeography.htm http://current.com/groups/veganism/92591533_geese-kill-protestors-to-rally-at-mayor-bloombergs-mansion-friends-of-animals-new-york-director-weighs-in-on-gassing-the-geese.htm

9. Phylogeny - Biogeography • Where are these organisms from? • Nearctic • Neotropics • Palaearctic • Afrotropics • Oriental • Australasia http://www.nymphalidae.net/Biogeography/Biogeography.htm

10. Phylogeny - Homologies • Homologous traits are derived from a common ancestor. • Analogous traits are similar but evolved separately (not from a common ancestor). • What are the 3 types of homologies? • Anatomical • Molecular • Developmental

11. Phylogeny – Anatomical Homologies • Anatomical homologies include an organism’s anatomy and physiology. • Anatomy is the internal and external structure of an organisms • Physiology is the function and activities of the organism, physically and chemically.

12. Phylogeny – Anatomical Homologies • Sort the words into the correct column: Cellular Respiration Arm Heart Homeostasis

13. Phylogeny – Molecular Homologies • Molecular Homologies • DNA • DNA is transcribed into • RNA • RNA is translated into • Amino Acids • Amino acids with peptide bonds make 4. Proteins

14. Phylogeny – Molecular Homologies TURN AND TALK – READ, PICK ANSWER, ASK YOUR NEIGHBOR Based on this table, which organism would be classified most closely related to humans? A. Lamprey B. Dog C. Frog D. Macaque http://www.ecoindia.com/animals/mammals/bonnet-macaque.html

15. Phylogeny - Homologies - Developmental • Developmental Homologies study embryos. • Which of these is an embryo? D EMBRYO E ZYGOTES FETUS http://worms.zoology.wisc.edu/dd2/echino/cleavage/intro.html http://www.scienceclarified.com/El-Ex/Embryo-and-Embryonic-Development.html http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fetus

16. Phylogeny – Developmental Homologies • Based on these Embryo pictures, which organism is most closely related to humans?

17. Phylogeny Review • Based on the 3 evidences of evolution, scientists can make evolutionary maps called cladograms. • What are the 3 evidences of evolution? • Fossils • Biogeography • Homologies (MAD)

18. Phylogeny - Cladograms • By studying fossils, biogeography and homologies, scientist made this cladogram. • Which organism is least like the others? Notice the “derived characters”

19. Review Questions 22 Fossil records can be studied to determine how organisms change through time. Which of the following methods for studying organisms could least likely be accomplished by studying the fossil record? F Comparing sleep patterns of organisms G Dating organisms by the relative order of their fossils H Comparing homologous structures of organisms J Determining when extinction of species occurred

20. Review Questions 31 Some snake embryos have small buds resembling limbs. These buds disappear at later stages of embryo development. These findings suggest that these snakes — A had a parent with limbs B have functional limbs as adults C will have offspring with limbs D evolved from an ancestor that had limbs

21. Review Questions • Based on this cladogram, humans are most closely related to?

22. Phylogeny ANY QUESTIONS Answer the Analysis part of your notes.