Corrective Feedback and Learner Uptake

1. Corrective Feedback and Learner Uptake Negotiation of Form in Communicative Classrooms

2. Things to discuss concerning error treatment in the classroom� Should learners� errors be corrected? When should learners� errors be corrected? Which errors should be corrected? How should errors be corrected? Who should do the correcting?

3. �This review of existing studies concerning error treatment in communicative language teaching provides a sketchy picture at best.�(Lyster & Ranta 1997)

4. Some Definitions Negotiation of meaning � exchanges between learners and interlocutors as they attempt to resolve communication breakdowns and to work toward mutual comprehension Negotiation of form � corrective feedback that encourages self-repair involving accuracy and precision and not merely comprehensibility Error Treatment Sequence � the main unit of analysis in this study. A series of either/or options that constitute the handling of errors in a classroom Uptake � student�s utterance that immediately follows the teacher�s feedback and that reacts in some way to the teacher�s attempt to draw attention to the original utterance. There are two types: uptake resulting in �repair� of the utterance, and uptake resulting in utterances that still need repair (�needs-repair�) Repair (Other-Initiated Repair) � the correct reformulation of utterances in a single-student turn that is not self-initiated Reinforcement � short statements of approval often including metalinguistic feedback

5. Error Treatment Sequence

6. Types of Corrective Feedback Analyzed Explicit correction � the explicit provision of the correct form (�Oh, you mean�� �You should say�� Recast � reformulation by the teacher of the student�s utterance, minus the error. Clarification Request � indicates that the student�s utterance was misunderstood by the teacher or that the utterance is ill-formed in some way (can refer to either problems in accuracy or comprehensibility, or both) Metalinguistic Feedback � contains either comments, information or questions related to the well-formedness of the student�s utterance without explicitly providing the correct form (�Can you find your error?�) Points to the nature of the error but attempts to elicit the information from the student Elicitation � strategic pauses to allow students to fill in the blanks, questions to elicit correct forms (not yes/no), or asking students to reformulate utterances Repetition � repetition to isolate student�s utterance, with changes in tone or inflection to highlight the error

7. Types of Other-Initiated Repair 1.����Repetition � repetition of teacher�s feedback when feedback includes the correct form 2.��� Incorporation � repetition of teacher�s correct form, which is then incorporated into a longer utterance by the student 3.����Self-repair � self-correction produced by the student in response to teacher�s feedback when feedback does not include the correct form 4. Peer-repair � peer correction provided by a student other than the one who made the error

8. The study The immersion classroom is an ideal location for the study of L2 language learning Four 4thgrade French Immersion Classes Were Studied (3, 4thgrade classes plus one combined 4th and 5th grade class). One of the four classes was from School Board A, in which students since the 1st grade are taught primarily in French, with one hour of English per day. The other three were from School Board B, in which students from 1st to 3rd grade are taught primarily in English, with a one-hour French lesson per day. From the 4th grade on, students are exposed to 60% French and 40% English. Teachers are identified as T3, T4, T5, &T6 Microphones were placed about the classrooms, including one on each teacher, in order to record student/teacher interaction.

10. Research Questions What are the different types of corrective feedback and their distribution in communicatively oriented classrooms? What is the distribution of uptake following different types of corrective feedback? What combinations of corrective feedback and learner uptake constitute the negotiation of form?

12. Types of L2 Learner Error L1 Gender Grammatical Lexical Phonological Multiple

13. Feedback Explicit Correction Recasts Clarification Requests Metalinguistic Feedback Elicitation Repetitions

14. Uptake As used by Lyster and Ranta, refers to student utterances immediately after teacher feedback. (Examples of later of the below.)

15. Repair Repetition Incorporation Self-repair Peer Repair

16. Needs Repair Acknowledgement Same Error Different Error Off Target Hesitation Partial Repair

17. Research Questions What are the different types of corrective feedback and their distribution in communicatively oriented classrooms? What is the distribution of uptake following different types of corrective feedback? What combinations of corrective feedback and learner uptake constitute the negotiation of form?

18. Answers to Research Questions What are the different types of corrective feedback and their distribution in communicatively oriented classrooms? Recasts (55%) Elicitation (14%) Clarification Requests (11%) Metalinguistic Feedback (8%) Explicit Correction (7%) Repetition of Error (5%)

20. What is the distribution of uptake following different types of corrective feedback? After recasting, 31%* After Explicit Correction, 50% After Repetition, 78% After Metalinguistic Feedback, 86% After Clarification Requests, 88% After Elicitation, 100%

22. What combinations of corrective feedback and learner uptake constitute the negotiation of form? Must prompt more than a student�s repetition of a teacher�s utterance� Clarification Requests prompted student-generated repair 27% of the time. Repetition prompted student-generated repair 31% of the time. Elicitation prompted student-generated repair 45% of the time. Metalinguistic Feedback prompted student-generated repair 46% of the time.