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CSC 110 – Intro. to Computing

CSC 110 – Intro. to Computing. Prof. Matthew Hertz WTC 207D / 888-2436 hertzm@canisius.edu. Announcements. Lecture: “ Why White Kids Love Hip-Hop and the King Legacy " at Montante Cultural Center, Tuesday at 8PM Service Learning Partnership Fair at Regis from 11 – 2 today!.

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CSC 110 – Intro. to Computing

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  1. CSC 110 –Intro. to Computing Prof. Matthew Hertz WTC 207D / 888-2436 hertzm@canisius.edu

  2. Announcements • Lecture: “Why White Kids Love Hip-Hop and the King Legacy" at Montante Cultural Center, Tuesday at 8PM • Service Learning Partnership Fair at Regis from 11 – 2 today!

  3. Service Learning Component

  4. Computer Prehistory • 16th Century BCE – abacus • Simple device used to perform calculations • Relies on training, knowledge of user

  5. Computer Prehistory • 17th century – Pascaline • Invented by Blaise Pascal using from design by Hero of Alexandria (2 CE) • Gear-driven machine performing whole-number addition & subtraction • Based on same principle as a car’s odometer • Required people to sit and crank machine • Cost more to run than paying the people it replaced • Pascal was only man who could make repairs

  6. Computer Prehistory • 17th Century - Pascaline

  7. Computer Prehistory • 18th century CE – Jacquard’s loom • Wove cloth, silk, and other materials • Knots passing through the holes in cards created patterns woven into fabric

  8. Computer Prehistory • 18th century CE – Jacquard’s loom • Weavers often attacked these looms • Initially used shoes to destroy the machine • Reason for the word sabotage • “Sabot” is French for shoe

  9. Early Computer Attempt • 1833 – analytical engine • Designed by Charles Babbage • Advanced by Ada, Countess of Lovelace • Used same punch cards as Jacquard’s loom • Similar to early computers • Could store up to 1000 50-digit numbers • Punch cards defined program to run • Could run more complex programs than early machines

  10. Early Computer Attempt • 1833 – analytical engine • Steam power turned handles • Wouldn’t need humans to run • Was too complex for time to be built

  11. Tabulating Machines • 1890 – Hollerith tabulating machines • Inspired by train conductors punching tickets • Punch cards stored the data to be tabulated • Machine could not be programmed or do advanced arithmetic • Only ability was to track sums • Original customer was US Census • Dramatically improved census processing time • Hollerith’s formed IBM to sell tabulators

  12. Binary Machines • 1936 --- Konrad Zuse develops Z1 • First automatic calculator based in binary • Made in Zuse’s parent’s apartment • Worked with whole- and decimal-numbers • Z1, Z2, & Z3 destroyed by Allied bombing runs

  13. Binary Machines • 1936 --- Konrad Zuse develops Z1 • Contained memory to remember 64 numbers • Each multiplication took 5 seconds

  14. First Computers • Mid 20th Century CE – early “computers” • Many long calculations needed • Firing tables for gunners • Bombing runs for pilots • For efficiency, USA and UK used rooms (usually) filled with women • Women were cheaper to hire • Some used mechanical calculators • This was considered a mark of shame!

  15. Electronic Computers • 1939-1942 – ABC Computer • First electronic, digital computer • Built by John Atanasoff & Clifford Berry • Was not programmable, only performed specific computations • Original notes for design written on the back of a cocktail napkin

  16. Electronic Computers • 1939-1942 – ABC Computer • Weighed 800lbs, used 300+ vacuum tubes, & 1 mile of wire • Each calculation took 15 seconds

  17. Electronic Computers • 1944 – Mark I Computer • Developed by Howard Aiken & IBM • Could add, subtract, multiply and divide • Included subroutines to compute logarithms and trigonometric functions • Grace Hopper became first person to debug a computer (it was a moth) “Only 6 electronic digital computers would be required to satisfy the computing needs of the entire US” – Howard Aiken, 1947

  18. Electronic Computers • 1944 – Mark I Computer • Weighed 5 tons, 55’ long, 8’ high • Stored 72 numbers • 3 additions/second; • 3 - 5 seconds per multiplication

  19. Electronic Computers • 1943-1946 – ENIAC Computer • War effort was using up all “computers” • ENIAC project trying to make electronic computer • Programs set by external switches and dials • Took weeks to physically reprogram machines • 6 women hired as first programmers

  20. Electronic Computers • 1943-1946 – ENIAC Computer • Weighed 30 tons • 17,460 vacuum tubes • 5 million soldered joints • Performed 5000 additions, 357 multiplications or 38 divisions per second

  21. Electronic Computers • 1953 – 701 released, IBM’s 1st computer • IBM 701 seen as threat to IBM’s main tabulator business • Stored 256 numbers in memory • Only 19 ever made • Rented by businesses for $15,000 per month • IBM sold 1,800 IBM 650s, which worked with IBM punch card equipment, from 1954-1962

  22. Electronic Computers • 1953 – 701 released, IBM’s 1st computer • Performed 2200 multiplications per second

  23. 1955 – The Year In Computers • ENIAC turned off after 12 years of service • Estimated having done more arithmetic than entire human race had done prior to 1945 • First demo of ERMA • System that enabled computers to read and process checks using numbers at bottom • First 32 units delivered in ’59; used into ’70s

  24. Electronic Computers • 1956 – IBM 301 is first computer to work with “hard drive” • Contained space for 5 million numbers • Disk leased for $35,000/year (computer extra)

  25. Smaller Computers • 1960 – Digital PDP-1 released • Did not need its own room! • Cost only $120,000 • In 1962 ran first computer game, Spacewar

  26. Computer Mouse • 1964 -- Douglas Englebart invents mouse • Called a mouse because it has a tail • Limited use --- few computers had a display • Not even shown publicly until 1968

  27. Computer Networks • 1969 – ARPAnet created • Forerunner to the Internet • Connected 3 computers early on • Crashed in the middle of its first use! • Did not get to g typing in “log in” • Many uses were not developed until later • E-mail was not created until 1971 • Could use to run another computer from 1972 • File transfers did not exist until 1983

  28. Growth in Computer Chips • 1970 – Intel 1103 is first public RAM chip • Holds 128KB of memory • 1971 – Intel 4004 is first microprocessor • This is first “computer on a chip” that we normally think of • Matched the power of the ENIAC • Used to run Pioneer 10 spacecraft • First man-made object to leave solar system • 1974 – Intel releases 8080 runs at 2MHz

  29. Computer Networks • 1973 – Robert Metcalfe created ethernet • First (of many) discoveries from Xerox PARC • First network to allow local machines to share information • Idea was to enable 100s of computers to connect and drive the latest Xerox invention, the laser printer

  30. Development of GUI • 1973 -- Alto developed at Xerox PARC • First GUI system ever developed • Never turned into commercial system • Heavily influenced future systems • Apple developers saw on 1979 tour

  31. Home Computers • 1974 - 1975 – First home computers sold • Altair was most famous computer released • Could hold 256 numbers in RAM • Required TV for use as a display • Did not include any software (even an OS) • Owner had to put machine together • Cost $400 • Small company, Microsoft, formed by 2 college kids to sell BASIC compiler for Altair

  32. Altair Computer

  33. Growth of the Home Computer • 1976 – Apple I demoed for Homebrew Computer Club • Could store 8192 numbers (8KB) in memory • Included keyboard, but needed TV for display • Cost $666.66 per machine • Sold 200 units over 10 months

  34. Apple I Computer

  35. Growth of the PC • 1977 – Apple II shown at West Coast Computer Faire • Contained 4KB of memory • First personal computer to include color graphics (included 16 colors!), but still needed TV for monitor • Used audio cassette for storage • Sold for $1298

  36. Apple II Computer

  37. Important Applications • 1979 – First spreadsheet, VisiCalc, released • First serious application that could run on a personal computer • Marked PC as a machine for serious business people “Any product that pays for itself in two weeks is a surefire winner” – Dan Bricklin

  38. Important Applications • 1979 – First popular word processor, WordStar, releases • Best selling application for early 1980s

  39. Player Enters the Market • 1981 -- IBM PC released • First PC fully built from off-the-shelf parts and commercially available operating system • Enabled lotsof copies • Named Times “Man of the Year”

  40. Player Enters the Market • 1981 – IBM PC released • Used 4.77MHz processor • Default had16KB of memory, but could be expanded to 256KB • Color monitor was optional • Cost $1565 “640KB should be enough for anyone” – Bill Gates

  41. First Portable Computer • 1981 – Osborne Portable Computer • Goal was machine that fit under airplane seat • Included 5” screen, but weighed 75 pounds • Cost $1795 and sold 10,000 per month

  42. Updated Computer Line • 1983 – Apple IIe released • Used 1MHz processor • Included 64KB of memory • Cost $1400 per machine • Became one of the best selling computers of all time

  43. Personal Computer Revolution • 1983 – Apple Lisa, 1st GUI-based home computer • Used 5 MHz processor, 512KB of memory, 5MB hard drive • 12” monitor • Cost $9995 • Apple Macintosh released in 1984

  44. Personal Computer Revolution • 1983 – Apple Lisa released • 1984 – Apple Macintosh released

  45. Other Important Computer Dates • 1983 – Intel releases 80386 • Ran at 16MHz • 1983 – 10 million computers used in US • 1986 – 30 million computers used in US • 1988 – Soundblaster released • 1989 – Intel releases 80486DX • Ran at 25MHz • First Intel chip capable of multiprocessing

  46. Other Important Dates • 1990 – The World becomes first company selling Internet access • 1991 – Tim Berners-Lee launches “World Wide Web” • Goal was to facilitate remove collaboration between physicists • Jan. 1993 – 50 web servers in existence • 1994 – First banner ads on web • Start of World Wide Web commercialization

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