Vocabulary Thursdays

Vocabulary Thursdays
Junior CP English III Vocabulary Lessons Agenda & Notes

Today’s Agenda 10 Minutes of SSR—Must be quiet and reading Vocabulary Thursday: Area of Focus: Base word Prefix Suffix Root Complete the note sheet for reference Complete the Lesson 2 Handout—Due Friday 9/6/13 REMEMBER: 25 Note Cards Due tomorrow as well—one fact per card.

Common Core Standards Acquire and use accurately general academic and domain-specific words and phrases, sufficient for reading, writing, speaking, and listening at the college and career readiness level; demonstrate independence in gathering vocabulary knowledge when considering a word or phrase important to comprehension or expression. Determine or clarify the meaning of unknown and multiple-meaning words and phrases based on grades 11-12 reading and content, choosing flexibly from a range of strategies.

Lesson 1: Word Parts base word: a complete word that can stand alone prefix: a group of letters that appears at the beginning of a root or base word to form a new word suffix: a group of letters that appears at the end of a root or base word to form a new word root: a word part that contains the core meaning of a word

Step 1 Distinguish between a base word and a root. Remember that a base word is a word on its own while a root needs a prefix, suffix, or both to make sense. Base Word Root Press -fract-

Step 2 Add a prefix and/or suffix to a base word or root to create a new word. im- + press = impress + -ion = impression + -ion + -able = impressionable de- + press + -ive = depressive ex- + press = express + -ive = expressive + -ed = expressed + -ing = expressing

Step 3. Learn basic prefixes and suffixes. Prefix Meaning Base/Root New Word anti- Against body antibody co-, con-, com- With exist coexist de-, dis- opposite of agree disagree il-, im-, in-, ir- Not practical impractical inter- Between mediate intermediate pre- Before script prescription pro- Forward motion promotion trans- Across -pos- transposition

Step 3. Learn basic prefixes and suffixes. Suffix Meaning Base/Root New Word -able, -ible capable of, fit for perish perishable -al, -ial of, related to -verse- controversial -ary, -ory, characterized by -cur- cursory -ry, -y -ence, -ance state or quality of -flu- affluence -ist adherent, doer harp harpist -ion, -tion act of -dict- diction -less Without hope hopeless -ly, -ily in the manner of adroit adroitly

Practice Exercise Lesson 1 Reteach.pdf

Prefixes prefix: a letter or letters added to the beginning of base words or roots to form new words base word: a word that by itself is a word root: a word part that contains the core meaning of a word word parts: the individual elements that make up a word

Step 1: Learn these common prefixes and their meanings. Prefix Meaning Example co-, com-, con- with coequal e-, ex- out exodus extra- beyond extrasensory hyper- excessive hyperglycemia im-, in- in implosion per- through perforation pro- forward proceed pseudo- false pseudonym re- back regress super- above superhuman

Steps 2-4 Step 2: If you encounter an unfamiliar word, find the root or base word and look for a common prefix. When you first read or hear an unfamiliar word, take the word apart. Identify the root or base word and decide whether the word has a prefix. Step 3: Think of other words with the same prefix. Ask yourself what these words mean. Step 4: Make an educated guess about the meaning of the prefix. Use your knowledge about other words that begin with the same prefix to help you.

Steps 5 & 6 Step 5: Define the word. Use what you know about the root or base word and prefix to define the unfamiliar word. Step 6: Check the definition in the dictionary. Compare the dictionary definition with your guess.

Lesson 2 Practice A.pdf Lesson 2 Practice B.pdf

Today’s Agenda 10 Minutes of SSR Vocabulary Workshop: Focus: Prefixes with multiple meanings. Common Core Standards: Acquire and use accurately general academic and domain-specific words and phrases, sufficient for reading, writing, speaking, and listening at the college and career readiness level; demonstrate independence in gathering vocabulary knowledge when considering a word or phrase important to comprehension or expression. Determine or clarify the meaning of unknown and multiple-meaning words and phrases based on grades 11-12 reading and content, choosing flexibly from a range of strategies.

Lesson 3: Prefixes with Multiple Meanings prefix: a group of letters that appears at the beginning of a root or base word word parts: the individual elements that make up a word; may include prefix, suffix, base word, or root base word: a complete word that can stand alone root: a word part that contains the core meaning of a word

Step 1: Learn the three most common prefixes and their meanings. Prefix Meanings Examples il-, im-, in-, ir- not; in, into irreplaceable; invert, incessant re- again; back, rebuild; recoil backwards return un- not; do the unhappy; untie, opposite unnerve a-, ab- not; away; in the act of

Step 2: Identify the base word or root and prefix, if present. Take the word apart. Identify the root or base word and decide whether the word has a prefix. EXAMPLE unassuming: “The base word is assuming and the prefix is un-.”

Step 3: Use clues to make an educated guess about the meaning of the prefix and the word. EXAMPLE Un-can mean either “to do the opposite”or “not.” Assuming can mean “to make an assumption,” or it can mean “presumptuous or arrogant.” I know that un- means “not” in many common words such as undone, unreal,and unheard. In the sentence, “Mary’s the smartest person in our class, but she’s very shy and unassuming.” You can guess that the word unassuming doesn’t mean “not to assume or make an assumption,” but rather “the opposite of presumptuous,”or “modest.”

Step 4: Look up the definition in the dictionary and compare it with your guess. unassuming (adjective): Exhibiting no pretensions, boastfulness, or ostentation; modest.

Today’s Agenda 9/19/13 Unit 1 Historical Review Guides Due 10 Minutes of SSR Review Lesson 4: Noun and Verb Suffixes Complete the Lesson 4 Handout—due by Friday 9/20/13 Common Core Standards: Acquire and use accurately general academic and domain-specific words and phrases, sufficient for reading, writing, speaking, and listening at the college and career readiness level; demonstrate independence in gathering vocabulary knowledge when considering a word or phrase important to comprehension or expression. Determine or clarify the meaning of unknown and multiple-meaning words and phrases based on grades 11-12 reading and content, choosing flexibly from a range of strategies.

Lesson 4 Suffixes: Noun & Verb noun: a word that names a person, place, thing, or idea verb: a word that denotes an action, occurrence, or state of being base word: a word that by itself is a word root: a word part that contains the core meaning of a word suffix: a word part that appears at the end of a root or base word to form a new word noun and verb suffixes: suffixes that form nouns or verbs

Steps Step 1: Find the root or base word and look for a suffix. Step 2: Think of other words with the same suffix. Think of other words that end the same way. Ask yourself what these words mean. Step 3: Based on what you know about other words that end with the same suffix, determine the meaning of the suffix. Step 4: Use what you know to define the unfamiliar word. Step 5: Check the definition in the dictionary.

NOUN SUFFIXES: Meanings and Sample Words” Suffix Suffix Meaning Word Sample –age condition of shortage –ness condition of sweetness –esis, –osis result of osteoporosis –ment result of disgruntlement –ence, –ance result of annoyance

NOUN SUFFIXES: Meanings and Sample Words Suffix Suffix Meaning Word Sample –ate make, form, antiquate to become like –en to make, form harden to become like –ify, –fy make, form, modify to become like –ize make, form, destabilize to become like

EXAMPLE: NOUN SUFFIXES: “CONDITION OF; RESULT OF” Suffix Example Word Meaning –age bondage the condition of being bound –ness bitterness the condition of being bitter –esis, –osis metamorphosis the result of change –ment contentment the condition of being happy –ence, –ance remembrance the result of remembering

EXAMPLE: NOUN SUFFIXES: “CONDITION OF; RESULT OF” Suffix Example Word Meaning –ate annotate to make notes for –en moisten to make moist –ify, –fy intensify to make more intense –ize modernize to make modern

Today’s Agenda 10 Minutes of SSR Review Adjective and Adverb Suffixes Complete the Lesson 5 practice sheet—try to finish by the end of class—if not it is due at the start of class tomorrow 9/27/13. Common Core Standards: Acquire and use accurately general academic and domain-specific words and phrases, sufficient for reading, writing, speaking, and listening at the college and career readiness level; demonstrate independence in gathering vocabulary knowledge when considering a word or phrase important to comprehension or expression. Determine or clarify the meaning of unknown and multiple-meaning words and phrases based on grades 11-12 reading and content, choosing flexibly from a range of strategies.

Lesson 5: Adjective & Adverb Suffixes suffix: a group of letters added to the end of a word to make a word with a different meaning adjective suffixes: suffixes added to base words to form adjectives—adjectives describe nouns & pronouns. adverb suffixes: suffixes added to base words to form adverbs—adverbs describe verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs.

Step 1: Recognize words formed by adding adjective suffixes. These suffixes create adjectives—words that modify nouns. Adj. Suffixes Meaning Examples: –able/ible able to conceivable –en made of leaden –ese native of Japanese –escent in the process of adolescent –ive doing or tending extensive toward some action –oid like asteroid –ous full of riotous

Step 2: Recognize words formed by adding adverb suffixes. These suffixes create adverbs—words that modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs. Adv. Suffixes Meaning Examples: –fold in the manner of fourfold –ly in the manner of messily –ward toward, direction of downward

Step 3: Recognize words formed by adding adjective and adverb suffixes. Some adverbs are formed by adding an adjective suffix and then an adverb suffix. EXAMPLES extend + -ive + -ly = extensively riot + -ous + -ly = riotously

Step 4: Use adjective and adverb suffixes to help you determine the meaning of unfamiliar words. When you read or hear an unfamiliar word with an adjective or adverb suffix, take the word apart. Identify the base word and suffix. Think of other words with the same adjective or adverb suffix. Ask yourself: What do these words mean? What might the suffix mean? Use what you know about the base word and the suffix to guess what the word means. Compare your guess with the dictionary definition.

Note: The spelling of a base word may change when you add a suffix. EXAMPLES conceive + -able = conceivable messy + -ly = messily Lesson 5 Reteach.pdf

Today’s Agenda 10/4/13 10 Minutes of SSR Vocabulary Lesson : Focus—Word Parts: Anglo Saxon and Greek Complete the Lesson 6 Practice Sheet—Due by Friday 10/5/13 Common Core Standards: Acquire and use accurately general academic and domain-specific words and phrases, sufficient for reading, writing, speaking, and listening at the college and career readiness level; demonstrate independence in gathering vocabulary knowledge when considering a word or phrase important to comprehension or expression. Determine or clarify the meaning of unknown and multiple-meaning words and phrases based on grades 11-12 reading and content, choosing flexibly from a range of strategies.

Lesson 6 Word Parts: Anglo Saxon and Greek word part: the general term that refers to an affix, base word, or root affix: general term for either a prefix (a word part added to the beginning of a base word or root) or a suffix (added to the end of a base word or root) base word: a complete word that can stand alone root: the word part that contains the core of a word’s meaning. Many English words are built from Latin or Greek roots. combining form: a word part that combines with other word parts to create longer words. Many English words have Anglo-Saxon and Greek combining forms.

Step 1: Try to determine the root and any affixes of an unfamiliar word. Look for common Greek and Anglo-Saxon word parts. EXAMPLE: empathetic The root is path–, which appears in pathetic, sympathy, and pathology. em- (en-) is a prefix. -etic is a suffix.

Step 2: If you know the meaning of the root(s) or affix(es), infer the word’s meaning. Try combining the meaning of the word parts in different ways until one meaning or working definition makes sense. EXAMPLE: Em-isfromen-, meaning “made of.” -Path means “feeling.” Thesuffix–eticmeans “having the quality of.” Putting the prefixes and the root together, empathetic means “made of feeling.”

Step 3: Look up the definition in a dictionary and compare it with yours. Ask yourself: Is the general idea the same? In the case of the example, the two are very close. EXAMPLE: empatheticadj. based on empathy; being sensitive to the thoughts and feelings of others.

Step 4: Read the word’s etymology in the dictionary. Ask yourself: How close is the word’s present meaning to its origins? EXAMPLE [em (from –en, meaning “made of ”) + Greek pathos, feeling.] Lesson 6 Reteach.pdf

Lesson 7: Latin Roots root: the part of a word that contains its core meaning prefix: a group of letters added to the beginning of a word to make a new word suffix: a group of letters added to the end of a word to make a new word etymology: the history of a word

Step 1: Become familiar with common Latin roots. Latin Root Meaning Examples bene good benefactor, benefit brev short brevity, brief, abbreviate clud, claus close, shut exclude, claustrophobia curr, cur run cursive, recurred, incur dic, dict speak dictation,, addiction flu flow affluent, fluid, fluent grat grateful gratuity, congratulate mut change mutate, transmute pend hang pendulum, pendant rid, ris laugh ridiculous, ridicule, risible scrib, script write inscription, inscribe, prescription var variation vary, variety, variegated voc call vocabulary, advocate, vocation

Step 2: Look for the root of an unfamiliar word. Use your knowledge of prefixes and suffixes to help focus your search for the root. Then think of other words that use the same root. What common meaning might those words have? What does the root mean?

Steps 3 & 4 Step 3: Create a working definition. Use your understanding of the root’s meaning to make a guess about the meaning of the unfamiliar word. Step 4: Check the dictionary. Compare the dictionary definition with your guess. Then look for the word’s etymology, or history. Lesson 7 Practice B.pdf

Vocabulary Thursday 12 Minutes of SSR Discuss Latin Roots: Society and Law Complete the Practice Exercise Together Complete the Class work Practice Sheet A/Re-teaching Hand out.

Lesson 8: Latin Roots—Society and Law root: the part of a word that contains its core meaning prefix: a group of letters added to the beginning of a word to make a word with a different meaning suffix: a group of letters added to the end of a word to make a word with a different meaning etymology: the history of a word

Step 1: Become familiar with common Latin roots. Latin Root Meaning Examples civ member of a household civil, civilization judex, jus, jur judge, justice jury, juror, just, lex, legis law legislature, legal lic, licit permit license, illicit matr mother maternal, matron pax, pac peace appease, pacify populus people population, popular pot power potent, potential urb city urban, suburb

Step 2: Look for the root of an unfamiliar word. Use your knowledge of prefixes and suffixes to help focus your search for the root. Then think of other words that use the same root. What common meaning might those words have? What does the root mean?

Steps 3 & 4 Step 3: Create a working definition. Use your understanding of the root’s meaning to make a guess about the meaning of the unfamiliar word. Step 4: Check the dictionary. Compare the dictionary definition with your guess. Then look for the word’s etymology, or history. The etymology usually follows the word’s part of speech. Note that some letter combinations have different meanings. For instance, the Latin root lex means “law,” but it can also mean “word.” The words privilege and lexicon are both derived from the root lex but have different meanings.

Today’s Agenda 12 Minutes of SSR Lesson 9: Structural Analysis of Multisyllabic Words Review base word, root word, suffix, and prefix. Review the steps to breaking down multisyllabic words Complete Practice Sheet A/Re-teaching Handout

LESSON 9 base word: a word that is complete by itself root word: the part of a word that contains its core meaning prefix:a group of letters added to the beginning of a word to make a word with a different meaning suffix:a group of letters added to the end of a word to make a word with a different meaning

Step 1 & 2 Step 1: Read the word in context. When analyzing an unfamiliar word, start by trying to get a sense of what it means by looking at how it is used. EXAMPLE “Creek” and “brook” are synonyms because they both refer to a small stream. Step 2: Break the word into parts. Look for parts you recognize from other words, especially words whose meaning you know. EXAMPLE The syn in synonym is like that in synchronize and syndicate. The onyminsynonymis like that in homonym and antonym.

Step 3 Step 3: Define words you know that share the same word parts. Findingsimilarities among words with common parts will help you determine the meaning of word parts. EXAMPLE Synchronize means “to occur at the same time.” Syndicate means “an association of people with the same purpose.” Antonym means “a word having a meaning opposite to that of another word.” Homonym means “a word that has the same sound as but a different meaning from another word.”

Step 4 Step 4: Puzzle out the meanings of the word parts. The first two definitions suggest that the prefix synmeans “same” (or “together,” as in syndicate). The next twodefinitions suggest that the word root onymmeans “word.” The –s indicates that the word is plural.

Steps 5 & 6 Step 5: Combine the meanings of the word parts to guess at a definition. The combination suggests that synonyms refers to “words with the same meaning.” EXAMPLE syn- (same) + onym (word) + -s (plural) = words with the same meaning Step 6: Check your definition in context. See if your guess fits the context. EXAMPLE “Creek” and “brook” are words with the same meaning.

Lesson 10 HERE’S HOW Step 1: Recognize words with shared roots. aversion inversion Step 2: Identify the meaning of the root. Use your knowledge of the words’ meanings and the context in which the words are used to identify the root’s meaning. Then, check the meaning and derivation in a dictionary. Root:vert, vers = turn

Lesson 10 Step 3: Think of other words in the same family. What other words share the same root? What common meaning do those words share? (aversion, inversion) conversion, incontrovertible Step 4: Determine the meaning of these words. Based on your knowledge of the root and the meaning of other words in the same family, try to define the meaning of the words. conversion = a change, or turn, in belief incontrovertible = undeniable

Lesson 10 Step 5: Check the dictionary. Compare your definitions to the dictionary definition. Look for other words from the same family. If the root appears at the beginning of a word, other words from the same family will often be adjacent to ones already identified.

Example Word Families English Words Shared Root Meaning solitude solitaire sol alone isolation malfunction defunct funct perform invert vers, vert turn diversion

Today’s Agenda: Vocabulary 10 Minutes of SSR Review of Lesson 11: Defining Words in Context: Definition clues Restatement clues Complete the Lesson 11 A/B/Re-teaching Handouts

Lesson 11: Context Clues: Definition and Restatement context clues: words or phrases near an unfamiliar word that help readers figure out the word’s meaning definition clue: directly tells the meaning of the word restatement clue: restates the meaning of the word in easier language

Lesson 11: Steps 1 & 2 Step 1: Identify the word. Ask yourself, Which word or words are unfamiliar? Step 2: Use context. You can often determine a word’s meaning from the surrounding words, or context. Look for signal words or punctuation that denotes information given about the word.

Lesson 11: Step 3 Step 3: Look for restatement clues. In a restatement clue, the writer says the same thing in a different way. Signal words for restatement clues include: this means, that is, in other words, or, also known as, also called. Punctuation marks that signal a restatement include: commas and dashes.

Lesson 11: Steps 4 & 5 Step 4: Look for definition clues. The context defines, or tells, the meaning of the word. Signal words for definition clues include:is, are, defined as, meaning. Punctuation marks include:commas, dashes, parentheses, and colons. Step 5: Define the unfamiliar word. Once you have defined the word, it is a good idea to write it and its definition in a special notebook. Try using the word in a sentence.

Define the bold face words using context clues. “Art for art’s sake” was the dictum, or formal pronouncement, that guided late nineteenth-century artists to paint genteel landscapes and formal portraits. By 1900, however, a few young American painters had a new exhortation, “Art for life’s sake,” a rallying cry that attracted many converts. These rebels sought to paint “real life” in all its squalidness—including poverty and disorder—and their paintings often showed run-down tenements. Critics hated the “indecorous” (meaning vulgar) content of the rebels’ paintings, and dubbed their style “the ash can school.”

Today’s Agenda 10 Minutes of SSR Review Lesson 12 Vocabulary: Context Clues through Comparison and Contrast Complete the Practice Sheets.

Lesson 12 Vocabulary context clue: word or phrase near an unfamiliar word that helps readers figure out the new word’s meaning comparison clue: suggests the meaning of a word by telling what it is like contrast clue: suggests the meaning of a word by telling what it is unlike similes / metaphors: comparisons of unlike things that have similar qualities

Lesson 12: Step 1 & 2 Step 1: Identify the word. Ask yourself, Which word or words are unfamiliar? EXAMPLE Brother was quiet and well-behaved, but Sister was as obstreperous as a bucking mule. Step 2: Use context. Look for clues in the surrounding words, or context.

Lesson 12: Step 3 Step 3: Look for comparison clues. These describe something with a similarquality or nature to the unfamiliar or unusual word. Find one in the example sentence on the previous slide. Signal words or phrases for comparison clues include: like, as, similar to, much like. Synonyms, used in comparisons, are words with similar meanings. Similes, imagery used in comparisons, are descriptions using like or as. Metaphors are imagery where a comparison is implied.

Steps 4 & 5 Step 4: Look for contrast clues. In a contrast clue, the writer describes something unlike or very different from the unfamiliar word. Can you find one in the example above? Signal words or phrases for contrast clues include: unlike, in contrast to, different from. Antonyms, words that have an opposite meaning, may provide contrast. Step 5: Define the word. Using the clues, try out a definition. (obstreperous: unruly or difficult) Substitute your definition in place of the word to see if it makes sense

Signal Words Signal words or phrases for comparison clues include:like, as, similar to, much like. Signal words or phrases for contrast clues include: unlike, in contrast to, different from.

Today’s Agenda 10 Minutes of SSR Sonnets Due Today—there may be extra time to complete this today in class. Extra Credit Sonnet Due Tomorrow Vocabulary Lesson 13: Cause and Effect Context Clues Complete the A/B Worksheet.

Lesson 13 Cause-Effect Context Clues context clue: word or phrase near an unfamiliar word that helps readers figure out the unfamiliar word’s meaning cause-and-effect clue: words describing an action in which a cause or effect suggests the meaning of an unfamiliar word

Lesson 13 Steps 1 & 2 Step 1: Identify the unfamiliar word. When you see an unfamiliar word, try pronouncing it. Step 2: Use context. You can often guess a word’s meaning using context. Look for familiar words, phrases, or sentences surrounding a new or unfamiliar word.

Lesson 13 Step 3 Step 3: Look for cause-and-effect relationships. Words explaining the reason behind an action, process, or condition signal a cause-effect relationship. Look for phrases telling why something happens. Such word groups often contain the following: Signal Words: Words used in cause-and-effect clues include since, because, as a result, with, when, if, then, so, consequently, due to, thus, after, and therefore. Punctuation: In cause-and-effect clues, the cause and the effect often are separated by a comma. In some cases, a semicolon separates the cause from the effect.

Lesson 13 Step 4 Step 4: Define the word. Ask yourself whether the unfamiliar word is part of a cause or an effect. Then determine the cause-effect relationship, and use it to define the word. EXAMPLE: Sentence: When the fog dissipated, we saw a faded red barn in the pasture. Context Clues: Dissipated must be part of a cause because the effect here is the visibility of the barn. Fog decreases visibility. Definition: dissipated must mean “thins out” or “disappears.”

EXAMPLE: CAUSE-AND-EFFECT CONTEXT CLUES Most of us just turned our Rubik’s Cubes like confused chimps. However, Lena’s steely concentration gave her superhumanacuity. She arranged yellow and red crosses in seconds and then began to turn the thing in a blur. A fierce expression came over her face. Her hands were small tornadoes. After shevanquished her tiny square enemy, we applauded in amazement. Sharpness of thought Defeat thoroughly

Lesson 14: Example Context Clues context clue: word or phrase near an unfamiliar word that helps readers figure out the new word’s meaning example clue: one or more examples that suggest the meaning of a new word

Steps 1 & 2 Step 1: Identify the unfamiliar word. Ask yourself: Which word don’t I know? Step 2: Use context. You can often determine a word’s meaning from the surrounding words, or context. Look for familiar words, phrases, or sentences surrounding a new or unfamiliar word.

Step 3 Step 3: Look for examples. In an example clue, the writer lists examples that suggest the meaning of the new word. Signal words for example clues includesuch as, especially, like, for instance, for example, including, this and these. Punctuation marks that might signal an example clue include colons and dashes (: or –). The examples may come after a colon or before or after a dash.

Steps 4 & 5 Step 4: Define the word. Ask yourself how the examples relate to the unfamiliar word. Step 5: Look up the unfamiliar word in a dictionary. Write the word and its definition in a special notebook. Include a sentence that uses the new word.

Use the underlined example clues to figure out the meaning of petulance and propitious. His signs of petulance included raising his voice, shaking his fist, and glaring fiercely at us. That morning, the weather seemed propitious for our coming field trip: the sun was out, temperatures were in the 70s, and the humidity was low. Petulance = Unreasonably irritable or ill-tempered Propitious = Favorable

Lesson 15 Context Clues: General Context 10 Minutes of SSR Book Report Due Tomorrow!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! context: text surrounding a word that can be used to determine the word’s meaning inference: drawing a conclusion based on evidence

Step 1 Lesson 15 Step 1: Read the entire passage. Try reading an entire paragraph or more to get the sense of what an unfamiliar word might mean. See the example on the next slide.

EXAMPLE Lesson 15 A bullet split the bark of an oak tree just behind him as he skidded into my trench. He nodded to me, smiled, then bent to pick up one of the full ammunition clips sitting in the mud near my feet. Changing his mind, he stood up slowly and began chewing on the tip of his thumb, as if trying to remember where he had left his wallet. He did not budge or change expression as a volley of bullets flew by, above and around his head. I could not stop staring. This man is either imperviousto fear or he has gone insane, I thought.

Step 2 Lesson 15 Step 2: Look carefully at the unfamiliar word. There may be parts of the word you are familiar with from words whose definitions you know. EXAMPLE The prefix im-inimperviousappears in impossibleandimprecise. The prefix in all three words means “not.” The suffix -ousinimperviousappears in poisonousandvaporous. The suffix in all three words means“full of ” or“having the qualities of.” Theroot -perv- looks like the root in pervasive.

Step 3 Lesson 15 Step 3: Look for details to shed light on the word’s meaning. Rely on prior knowledge and your general sense of the passage’s meaning. Focus on phrases that suggest the meaning of the unfamiliar word. EXAMPLE The writer states that his unnamed subject is “impervious to fear.” Other phrases that describe the subject’s behavior in a hair-raising situation include “chewing on the tip of his thumb” in an absentminded way, and “he did not budge or change expression as a volley of bullets flew by.” These phrases suggest that the subject feels no fear at all.

Step 4 Lesson 15 Step 4: Infer the definition. The general context indicates that impervious means “having the quality of not feeling.” Check the dictionary to verify your inference. The dictionary definition of imperviousis“incapable of being affected.”

WORKSHEET DIRECTIONS Side page 136: For both parts A & B simply follow the directions. Part A: Read the practice model and use the general context to infer the meaning of each boldfaced word. Then circle the letter of the correct definition. Part B: Define the underline word according to the general context of the sentence. Side page 137: Part A: Write the definition of each word according to its use in the practice model on the first line (note: some definitions may be altered slightly from the choices on page 136). On the last two lines, use the vocabulary word in a sentence of your own. Part B: Follow the directions on the worksheet.

Today’s Agenda 10 Minutes of SSR—points given; everyone should have a book to read!! Ch. 4-7 Word search/Crossword Due Today Learning Target: Determine or clarify the meaning of unknown and multiple-meaning words and phrases based on grades 11-12 reading and content, choosing flexibly from a range of strategies. Lesson 16: All Context Clues

Various Types of Context Clues context clues: words or phrases near an unfamiliar word that help readers figure out the word’s meaning definition clue: directly tells the meaning of the word restatement clue: restates the meaning of the word in easier language comparison clue: suggests the meaning of a word by telling what it is like contrast clue: suggests the meaning of a word by describing what it is unlike cause-and-effect clue: describes a cause or effect related to the word example clue: suggests a word meaning with one or more examples

Steps in utilizing context clues Step 1: Identify the word. Ask yourself, Which word is unfamiliar? Step 2: Use context. You can often tell a word’s meaning from context. Look for related words, phrases, or sentences surrounding an unfamiliar word. If the context is clear to you, it can give the new word meaning. Step 3: Look for context clues. Clues of different types are often signaled by particular words and punctuation marks.

Types of Clues Type Signal Punctuation of Clue Words Definition this means, that is, or, , also known as, — also called, defined as, Example Nanotechnology,or the process of creating microminiature equipment by manipulating atoms and molecules, is fascinating.

Types of Clues Type Signal Punctuation of Clue Words Restatement is, are, , meaning _ in other words ( ) : Example The business downturn of the Great Depression was pervasive—it affected all sectors of economy.

Types of Clues Type Signal Punctuation of Clue Words Comparison like, as, similar to, not unlike, resembling, None reminiscent, similarly, Example Like chirps from a bird, the soprano’s notes twittered above the orchestra.

Types of Clues Type Signal Punctuation of Clue Words Contrast unlike, but in contrast to, different from, None instead, on the other hand, except for Example Tom is an inflexible supporter of lower taxes, but Li is less doctrinaire on economic issues.

Types of Clues Type Signal Punctuation of Clue Words Cause-and- since, because, Effect so, as a result, , due to, thus : Example Because Gary looked so sullen, we asked how we might improve his mood.

Types of Clues Type Signal Punctuation of Clue Words Example such as, especially, : like, for instance, — for example, including Example At the old house, signs of dilapidationincluded a sagging porch, broken windows, and flaking paint.

Today’s Agenda Grammar Work from Friday Due 10 Minutes of SSR—Point a Day for Reading Vocabulary Lesson 17: Denotation and Connotation

Lesson 17 denotation: a word’s dictionary meaning or literal meaning connotation: shades of meaning conveyed by a word; the emotional associations a word has for most readers or listeners synonym: a word that has the same or almost the same meaning as another word context: the words or sentences that surround a word; may help the reader figure out both its denotation and connotation

Step 1: Recognize when a word’s meaning is unfamiliar. Recognize when a word’s meaning is unfamiliar. Consider whether a word has more than one meaning, or denotation. In the following example, the word craft, which can mean “skill in making something,” must have a different meaning. If you tried substituting skillin making something for craft, the example makes no sense.Youmustfind a new meaning. EXAMPLE The craft and trickery of the con man allowed him to fool many people.

Step 2: Check a word’s denotation(s) in the dictionary. Looking up craftin a dictionary reveals that it has several denotations, or literal meanings, one of which will work best in a given sentence. EXAMPLE Denotations of craft: 1. art, skill. 2. guile, slyness.

Step 3: Examine context to determine a word’s connotation. A word’s connotation, or emotional association, goes beyond its dictionary meaning. Look for context clues—such as other words in the same sentence—to determine whether a word’s connotation is positive or negative. For example, clevermay connote either smart or conniving. EXAMPLE Positive Connotation: The apprentice was quick-witted and clever. Negative Connotation: The apprentice was clever and adroit at avoiding work.

Step 4: Choose words carefully, noting their connotations. Words with the same meanings may have a wide range of positive, neutral, or negative feelings. The example shows several synonyms for clever, each with its own connotations—some positive, some negative. See Examples on the next slide

Step 4 Examples EXAMPLE Positive: The talk show host’s comments were intelligent. Positive: The talk show host’s comments were witty. Negative: The talk show host’s comments were facile and superficial. Negative: The talk show host’s comments were cunning and manipulative.

Agenda 10 Minutes of SSR—point a day for reading Remember to get your missing work in—let’s get everyone to a C or better! Vocabulary 18: Synonyms and Antonyms

Lesson 18 Vocabulary synonyms: words with similar meanings antonyms: words with opposite meanings thesaurus: a reference book that lists synonyms and antonyms connotation: what a word suggests, not what it actually means context: the words and sentences that surround a word

Step 1: Read the set of synonyms listed below. Note that the words have similar meanings but do not mean exactly the same thing. Examples: disturbance, agitation, bustle, fuss, commotion, hubbub, racket, uproar, turbulence, turmoil, perturbation, tumult, tempest, furor, frenzy

Step 2: Read these sentences, which show two of the synonyms used in context. The bustle in the garden was evident to all of us, even from a distance. The frenzy on the stage quickly spread through the crowd of concert-goers.

Step 3: Notice the different connotations of these synonyms. In the first sentence, bustleconveys positive connotations and suggests exciting motion and activity. In the second sentence, frenzycarries negative connotations and conveys the idea of wild excitement and possible danger.

Step 4: Read through these pairs of antonyms. Bustle/tranquility frenzy/serenity In the sentences from Step 2, substitute tranquilityforbustleandserenityforfrenzy. Notice the power of these antonyms to convey a meaning opposite that of the original sentences

Step 5: Use a dictionary or a thesaurus to locate synonyms and antonyms. These reference sources will help you find exactly the right word to say what you mean.

Vocabulary Lesson 19 10 Minutes of SSR We Beat the Streets chapters 16-20 questions due. Review Vocabulary Lesson 19: Multiple Meaning Words Complete the Practice Sheet A/Re-teach hand out.

Vocabulary Lesson 19 multiple-meaning words: words that can have more than one meaning context: the surroundings or situation in which a word is used context clues: other words or phrases near the word that help point to its meaning

Steps 1 and 2 Step 1: Use your own knowledge. Ask yourself: What possible meanings of the word do I know? Do any jump out as correct? Step 2: Identify the part of speech. When you come across a multiple-meaning word and are unsure which definition to apply, ask: Is this word being used as a noun, verb, adjective, adverb, or some other part of speech?

Steps 3 & 4 Step 3: Think of definitions of the word that fit that part of speech. Forexample, if the word is being used as an adjective, you can rule out definitions that would only apply to a noun, verb, or adverb. Step 4: Use context clues. Ask yourself: Which of the multiple meanings fits this context? If you are unsure, try each meaning in the sentence to see which makes the most sense.

Step 5 Step 5: If none seem to fit, use a dictionary. Ask yourself: What else can this word mean? Remember to look only at definitions that fit the correct part of speech. Decide which one best fits the context.

Example: Multiple-Meaning Word

Vocabulary Lesson 22: Idioms 10 Minutes of SSR Review Vocabulary Lesson 22 on Idioms idiom: a commonly used phrase that means something different from the literal meaning of the words

Vocabulary Lesson 22: Idioms Step 1: Identify the unfamiliar idiom. Step 2: Look for context clues. Look for example clues, restatement clues, comparison or contrast clues, or definition clues. Ask yourself: Does anything hint at the meaning of this expression? Step 3: Try out a meaning. Plug the meaning into the sentence to see if it sounds sensible. Anything hint at the meaning of this expression? Step 4: Use a dictionary or online source. Look up the idiom in a dictionary under the definition of the phrase’s main word. You can also search an online reference by putting the entire idiom in quotation marks and entering it in a search window.

Step 5: Confer. If you can’t find an idiom in a dictionary, ask someone what it means. Read the following passage, looking for clues to the meaning of the idiom. “About tomorrow,” Louise went on, “You’ve drawn Beverly Mitchell for a big sister. I wanted to warn you that she’s the toughest, but if you get through all right it’ll be all the more credit for you.” “Thanks, Lou,” Millicent said gratefully, thinking, this is beginning to sound serious. Worse than a loyalty test. . . . Or does it just make them feel good to see us run around at their beck and call? “All you have to do really,” Louise said, . . . “is be very meek and obedient when you’re with Bev and do just what she tells you.” —Sylvia Plath, “Initiation”

Summary of Steps

Lesson 23 Vocabulary: Analogies 10 Minutes of SSR Review Vocabulary Lesson 23 on Analogies analogy: A comparison between two sets of word pairs in which the words in each pair share similar relationships

Lesson 23 Step 1 Step 1: Identify the relationship between the first pair of words. Askyourself: How are these words related? Write a sentence expressing the relationship. EXAMPLE HUGE : TINY Huge is the opposite of tiny. DROUGHT : WATER Drought is caused by a lack of water. CAMERA : PHOTOGRAPH A camera is used to photograph.

Lesson 23: Step 2 Step 2: State the relationship between the two pairs. Again, write it as a sentence. EXAMPLE Huge is the opposite of tiny, just as _________________ is the opposite of _________________.

Lesson 23 Step 3 Step 3: Test possible answers by plugging words into the sentence. Fill-in-the-blank problems: Brainstorm one word that completes the sentence so that the second relationship is exactly the same as the first relationship. Multiple choice problems: Test each answer choice in your sentence. Select the pair that best completes it.

Example Analogy Problem

Vocabulary Thursdays