ESPAñOL I

1. ESPAñOL I

2. Nouns/ SUSTANTIVOS • A noun is a word used to denote a person, place, thing, or idea. Person: John, girl, dentist Place: garden, university, Venezuela Thing: book, car, tomato Idea: liberty, despair, intelligence

3. In Spanish, all nouns are either masculine or feminine. • MasculineFeminine • el chicola chica • boygirl • el jardínla universidad • gardenuniversity • el librola revista • book magazine • el miedola libertad • fearliberty

4. "El" and "la" both mean "the." • el chico (the boy)la chica (the girl) • el perro (the male dog)la gata (the female cat)

5. RECUERDE: • When you learn a new noun, you should also learn its definite article (el, la). There are several reasons for this: • Because you cannot predict the gender of most nouns. • Because not every noun that ends in -o is masculine, and not every noun that ends in -a is feminine. • Because many nouns end in letters other than o or a. • Because the definite article (el, la) is your clue as to whether a noun is masculine or feminine.

6. Some nouns that refer to people use the same form for both masculine and feminine. These nouns indicate gender by the article (el or la). • el estudiantela estudiante • el pianista • la pianista • el artistala artista

7. Nouns that end in -sión, -ción, -dad, -tad, -tud, -umbre are feminine. • la televisiónla decisiónla conversaciónla habitaciónla ciudadla universidadla dificultadla libertadla actitudla gratitudla certidumbrela muchedumbre

8. Some nouns that end in -a are masculine. • el problemael telegramael programael mapael sistemael poemael díael temael climael idiomael sofáel planeta

9. Many nouns that denote living things have both a masculine and a feminine form. Most nouns that end in -o are masculine. Most nouns that end in -a are feminine. Masculine nouns that end in a consonant often have a corresponding feminine form that ends in -a. Some nouns that refer to people use the same form for both masculine and feminine. These nouns indicate gender by the article (el or la). Nouns that end in -sión, -ción, -dad, -tad, -tud, -umbre are feminine. Many nouns that end in -ma are masculine. A few nouns that end in -o are feminine

10. el libro los libroeslos libros el lápiz los lápiceslos lápizes la universidad las universidadslas universidades la secretaria la secretariaslas secretarias el mapa el mapaslos mapas

11. If a noun ends in -o, make it plural by adding -s. truefalse If a noun ends in -ión, make it plural by simply adding -es. truefalse If a noun ends in -a, make it plural by adding -s. truefalse If a noun ends in -ión, make it plural by adding -es and dropping the written accent. truefalse To form the plural of nouns that end in a vowel, add -s. truefalse If a noun ends in a consonant, make it plural by adding -es. truefalse If a noun ends in -z, make it plural by changing the z to c, and adding -es. truefalse

12. Definite and Indefinite Articles • The difference between definite articles and indefinite articles can be observed in the following two sentences: • Give me the chocolate chip cookie.Give me a cookie, please.

13. The/a-an • The first sentence speaks of a particular (or definite) cookie: • Give me the chocolate chip cookie. • The second sentence speaks of any of a number of cookies (or an indefinite cookie): • Give me a cookie, please.

14. SINGULAR/PLURAL In English, the definite article is the word "the" regardless of whether the noun it introduces is singular or plural. the cookie the cookies

15. In Spanish, the definite article has 4 forms, depending on whether the noun is masculine, feminine, singular or plural. • el gato • the male cat • los gatos • the male cats • la gata • the female cat • lasgatas • the female cats

16. The 4 forms of the definite article are: • el • masculine singular • la • femininesingular • los • masculine plural • Las • feminine plural

17. In Spanish, the indefinite article has 4 forms, depending on whether the noun is masculine, feminine, singular or plural. • un gato • a male cat • unosgatos • some male cats • unagata • a female cat • unasgatas some female cats

18. The masculine plural definite and indefinite articles (los, unos) are also used to indicate a group of mixed sex. Thus, "los gatos" could refer to a group of 10 male cats, or it could refer to a group of 9 female cats and one male cat. Remember, as long as the group of creatures has at least one male member, the masculine plural article is used. Thus, "unosgatos" could refer to a group of 10 male cats, or it could refer to a group of 9 female cats and one male cat.

19. The 4 forms of the indefinite article are: • un • masculine singular • una • femininesingular • unos • masculine plural • unas • feminine plural

20. "Un" and "una" can mean "one," "a," or "an.” • un libro • one book, a book • unapluma • one pen, a pen • unamanzana • one apple, an apple

21. anairplane un aviónuna aviónunos avionesunas muchachas somepencils un lápizuna actrizunos lápicesunas actrices the (female) professor el profesorla profesoraun profesoruna profesora a decision la decisiónunas decisionesun idiomauna decisión