The Building of a New Nation (1787-1800)

1. The Building of a New Nation (1787-1800)

2. I. Articles of Confederation • 1781 • Provided: • Central government • Unicameral legislative branch • Unanimous vote to amend • 2/3 needed to pass laws

3. 3. Some weaknesses No power to tax No power to enforce treaties Every state has 1 vote No power to regulate commerce Unanimous vote to amend Problem Created Growing debt; can’t pay army. Britain keeps troop on American soil. (They should’ve left) Unequal representation Trade hindered Difficult to amend Articles of Confederation (cont’d)

4. II. Post-War Problems • Economic depression • Sovereignty of the U.S. challenged • Britain kept navigation laws • Spain closed New Orleans to U.S. trade

5. 3. Barbary Pirates— North Africans; took advantage of lack of British presence. 4. These problems cause the colonies to repair the weakened A.O.C.

6. III. New Laws • Land Ordinance of 1785 • New townships set aside land for public education • Sale of public land to pay off national debt • Northwest Ordinance of 1787 • Territories w/60,000 apply for statehood • Equal status w/ other states • Banned slavery North of Ohio River

7. IV. Shay’s Rebellion & its Aftermath • Daniel Shays • High taxes, debtor prisons, lack of valuable currency • 1786—Demanded restitution & tax relief • Congress failed to ensure states could protect the rights & liberties of their own citizens • The A.O.C need to be fixed!!!

8. V. Constitutional Convention(Philadelphia Convention) • May 25, 1787—55 delegates from all states but RI met. • Washington elected chairperson • James Madison, delegate from VA, became the leading voice. • Central Government—power would exceed the power of the states • Separation of Powers—exec., leg., & jud. branches • “Factions”—strong national gov. keep these views in check.

9. 4. A.O.C would be thrown out!!!!

10. VI. A Great Compromise is Reached • State representation in the legislative branch? • Virginia Plan Edmund Randolph, larger states • May 29, 1787—rep.based solely on population.

11. A Great Compromise is Reached (cont’d) • New Jersey Plan—William Patterson • Equal representation • Unicameral House • June 11, 1787—Roger Shermanthe Great Compromise (Connecticut Compromise) • House of Reps.: based on the pop. of states • House of Senate: equal representation; regardless of state population.

12. VII. An Executive Decision and the 3/5 Compromise • Pres. elected by a rep.body; not a popular vote---avoid “mobocracy” • Electoral College—cast votes as reps. of their states. • Presidential Powers: • Commander in Chief of the Armed Forces • Chief Diplomat • Veto legislation.

14. 3/5 Compromise • What about the slaves? • 3/5—Southern slaves would be counted as 3/5 a citizen • A deal for passing the Northwest Ordinance • 1808—South ended legal importation of slaves

15. VIII. Federalists vs. Anti-Federalists • Problems in ratifying. • 9 of the 13 colonies required to ratify. • Many feared the return of tyranny • Federalists • In favor of the Constitution • Strong central government • Anti-Federalists • Opposed the Constitution • In favor of strong states’ rights

16. Ratifying the Constitution (cont’d) • VA was critical. • Most populous state • Largest number of Anti-Federalists • Bill of Rights • Individual freedoms • State sovereignty

17. The Federalist Papers • Encourage NY Ratification • Madison, Hamilton, Jay85 essays • The Federalist Papers • Ratify the Constitution • Refuted doubts about a central gov. ruling a vast land

18. IX. Structuring the New Republic • April 30, 1789 • Washington takes office • John Adams VP • Washington sets precedents • Secretary of State-Jefferson • Secretary of Treasury-Hamilton • Secretary of War- Knox • Attorney General-Randolph • “Cabinet”—these 4 men

19. Judiciary Act of 1789 • Established: • Supreme Court • One presiding chief justice • 5 associate justices • 13 district courts • 3 circuit courts of appeal

20. X. Hamilton Fixes Finances • Report on Public Credit (1790) • Monetary/Fiscal Policy favor the richthey spend in the economystimulate domestic growth • Report on Manufactures(1791) • Protect the infant industrialization of the U.S. • Strong protective tariffs

21. Hamilton Fixes Finances (cont’d) • 5 components: • Boost national credit • “Father/Son” relationship between states and federal government • Heavy tariffs on imported goods • Excise taxes on whiskey 5. National bank

22. Hamilton Fixes Finances (cont’d) • Fed. Gov. assume all state debts • Capital on the banks of the Potomac River • Revenue Act of 1789 • 8% tariff on imports • Such goods as whiskey to make up the shortfall in revenue

23. XI. The Bank of the United States (BUS) • National treasury would keep its deposits in the bank • Keep the funds safe & available as loanable funds • Jefferson opposed • Strict Constructionist—Strict interpretation of the constitution. • Hamilton support the BUS • Loose Constructionist—Loose interpretation of the Constitution

24. The Bank of the United States (BUS) (cont’d) • Elastic Clause—Granted Congress “implied powers” to pass laws that were “necessary & proper” to run the country effectively. • Washington agreed with Hamilton; signs the bank into law in 1791. • Party system arises

25. The Bank of the United States (BUS) (cont’d) • Democratic-Republicans • Thomas Jefferson • Limit the powers of the central gov. • Greater state’s rights • Federalists • Strong national gov. • Powers supreme over the states

26. XII. Development of Foreign Policy • French Revolution (1789-1793) • Jeffersonuphold the Franco-American alliance in 1778 • Hamiltonneutral to maintain trade relations with Britain. • Neutrality Proclamation of 1793 • French & British began seizing American ships in the Atlantic • Seize the cargo • Impress sailors into military service

27. Development of Foreign Policy (cont’d) • Chief Justice John Jay • Negotiate with the British to reaffirm U.S. neutrality • Removal of British forts in the West. • Pinckney’s Treaty • Settlement boundary • Navigation on the Mississippi River • Use of the Port of New Orleans

28. Development of Foreign Policy (cont’d) • Washington’s Farewell Address • Left office in 1797 • Remain neutral in European affairs! • Avoid entangling alliances • Refrain from “factions” or political parties

29. XIII. Internal Issues Facing the New Government • Threat of Indian attack • Insurrection by angry citizens • Settlement of western lands • Treaty of Greenville • Shawnee, Miami give up lands in Ohio & Indiana.

30. Internal Issues Facing the New Government (cont’d) • Whiskey Rebellion • Excise Tax on whiskey • Farmers protested violently • Significance: • Pres. Washington put down the rebellion • New fed. Gov. had the power to maintain peace.

32. X. Adams as 2nd President • Pres. Adams; VP Jefferson • XYZ Affair • 1797—stop the seizing of American vessels by the French • French agents X, Y, Z • U.S. refused to bribe

33. XYZ Affair (cont’d) • “Quasi-War” • Hamilton calls for military action • 1798-1800 • West Indies • U.S. vs. French • Convention of 1800 • Ended Franco-American alliance • U.S. pay for damaged French vessels • Avoid all-out war

34. XI. Alien and Sedition Acts • Federalists aimed to silence opposition • Alien Acts • Residency requirements; 5 to 14 years • President power to detain &/or deport enemy aliens in times of war

35. Sedition Act • Illegal to criticize the Pres. or Congress • Heavy fine or imprisonment • Theory of nullification • States pass their own laws to nullify the Alien & Sedition Acts

36. Kentucky & Virginia Resolutions • The states, not the Supreme Court, were the final judges of the limits of federal power • States were justified in declaring federal law null and void