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Sensory Integration (or Processing) Dysfunction (or Disorder)

Sensory Integration (or Processing) Dysfunction (or Disorder). By: Leah Anderson, Angela Dykes, Becky Honaker, Sarah VanderLaan. Sensory Experience!. We have SEVEN Senses!. The five we learn in elementary school: sight, hearing, touch, smell, and taste But also:

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Sensory Integration (or Processing) Dysfunction (or Disorder)

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  1. Sensory Integration (or Processing) Dysfunction (or Disorder) By: Leah Anderson, Angela Dykes, Becky Honaker, Sarah VanderLaan

  2. Sensory Experience!

  3. We have SEVEN Senses! The five we learn in elementary school: sight, hearing, touch, smell, and taste But also: Proprioception – awareness of our body and how our muscles move Vestibular – sense of balance and movement

  4. Why is sensory integration important? • It helps our body to work as a whole. (e.g. hand-eye coordination) • It lets us know if there’s danger and how to respond to it. (i.e. negotiates the fight-or-flight response) • It helps us to know what’s important in our environment (e.g. block out the buzzing of fluorescent lights) • It allows us to soothe ourselves.

  5. So what is sensory integration disorder (SID)? • Coined by A. Jean Ayres in the 1970s. • It is still a controversial diagnosis and research is limited. • It often occurs with autism (75% of people) and ADHD (30 to 40% of people), so it is often hard to look JUST at SID. • Unless the SID is extreme, if that’s the only symptom it is often ignored. Sometimes the SID is intense enough to present like ADHD or autism.

  6. So what is sensory integration disorder (SID)? (cont.) • Involves over (sensory defensiveness) or under (sensory dormancy) stimulation to various sensory inputs • There is often a combination of over and under responsiveness in different senses as well as within the senses. • Amount of reaction depends on: amount of sleep, amount of stimulation, health, time of day

  7. Causes of SID • Exact cause is unknown • Commonly seen with other conditions: • Autism • Asberger’s syndrome • Premature birth • Developmental disorders • Learning disabilities • Delinquency & substance abuse due to learning disabilities • Stress related disorders • Brain injuries • Gifted students • Autism and developmental disorders are two of the biggest contributing conditions

  8. Autism • Some neurological background of SID: Neurological disorganization caused by the brain’s inability to receive (input) messages correctly. …resulting in: inefficient motor, language, and or emotional output • Anatomy of a brain with Autism • Frontal lobes • Corpus callosum • Amygdala • Hippocampus • Cerebellum • Immune system • Metal (mercury) • Genetic vulnerabilities • Chromosomes • Twins • Siblings

  9. Disabilities & Developmental Delay “If a child has a disability which prevents him or her from experiencing the environment, the development of the sensory integration system will also be delayed.” • A child who is not able to sit up, crawl, walk • A child with poor hand functioning • A child with vision impairment

  10. Sensory Experience!

  11. SID in adults • Most children learn to regulate their sensory problems by adolescence. • Those who don’t will often work alone and avoid most social and over-stimulating situations. • They may also suffer from anxiety, depression, or low self-esteem. • We all have sensory issues! Sometimes we’re sensory seekers, sometimes sensory avoiders

  12. Sensory Defensiveness Sensory Avoiders respond too much to sensory input in any of the seven senses. Sensory Overload Simulation

  13. Sensory Defensiveness Sensory Avoiders may over-respond to: (Touch) squishy object, having nails or hair cut, tags on clothing, eating slimy foods, being touched (Sound) loud classrooms, buzzing lights or projectors (Sight) Bright lights, eye contact, wall decorations (Taste and scent) anything strong smelling or tasting, perfumes (Vestibular) Riding in cars, swinging, hanging upside down, lying prone, any playground equipment (Proprioceptive) any movement of arms or legs

  14. What does sensory defensiveness look like? Children may: throw tantrums that seem to have no cause Seem uninterested in playing on the playground Eat only a few favorite foods and refuse to try anything new Gag if forced to touch play dough or slime Fight about getting dressed and only wear a few preferred clothes Avoid being touched

  15. Sensory Dormancy Two types: • Sensory Under-responders do not respond to stimulation. • Sensory Seekers do not respond to stimulation and try to get it by extreme sorts of behaviors.

  16. Sensory Dormancy • Sensory Under-responders are often the hardest to spot, as they just seem a slower to react, and don’t often exhibit extreme behaviors. • They don’t react to hard touches, loud noises, strong tastes and smells, bright lights. • They may have difficulty balancing and sit slouched.

  17. Sensory Dormancy Sensory Seekers may: (Touch) Run into things purposely, hold things too tightly (Sound) Create loud noises, put loud music close to their ears (Sight) Try to create brighter light, look into a flashlight, flash lights on and off (Taste) Mouth things that aren’t food (Vestibular) Spend hours swinging and hanging, not be dizzy after spinning, climb too high. (Propioceptive) Run everywhere, jump from high places, hit or slap hard

  18. What is Sensory Integration Dysfunction?

  19. SID affects all areas of occupation for the whole family: • ADLs • IADLs • Rest and Sleep • Education • Work • Play • Leisure • Social Participation

  20. How does SID affect the home setting? It may be challenging: • To run errands. • To run appliances. • To be spontaneous. • To get ready to leave the house. • To try new foods. • To have a peaceful bedtime routine. • To toilet train. • To add new clothes to the child’s wardrobe.

  21. How does SID affect the home setting? It may be challenging: • To visit the doctor or dentist. • At mealtimes. • For bathing and dressing. • To attend family gatherings, parties, and vacations. • For physical affection. • Balancing the needs of all siblings.

  22. How does SID affect the school setting? Child may: • Seem unfocused at work. • Have meltdowns at busy transition times. • Be unwilling to interact with other children. • Seem uninterested or hostile towards classroom activities.

  23. How is SID treated? • Speech therapy • Auditory therapy • Vision therapy • Psychotherapy • Physical Therapy • Wilbarger protocol • Sensory Integration Theory • Instituted by A. Jean Ayres • Requires a trained therapist

  24. How is SID treated by OTs?Sensory Integration Theory Elements of Intervention: • Provide sensory opportunities • Provide just-right challenges • Collaborate on activity choices • Support optimal arousal for the child • Create a play context • Maximize the child’s success • Arrange room to engage the child

  25. News Piece on SID

  26. A Sensory Food Experience!

  27. Additional Resources • The Out-of-Sync Child – Carol Stock Kranowitz • Sensory Integration and the Child – A. Jean Ayres • www.spdfoundation.net • www.siglobalnetwork.org

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