The Great Leap Forward

1. The Great Leap Forward The beginnings of industrialization in China

2. One-child v. Great Leap Forward • Population increases • Beginning of industrialization (leading to increased affluence and technology today) • Environmental imbalance

3. What is the G.L.F.? • The Great Leap Forward was a plan established in 1958 that pushed the Chinese people to increase output • Output is the amount of something produced by a person, machine, or industry.

4. Goals of G.L.F. • Increase steel production • Increase agricultural yields • Make China self-sufficient (able to support their growing population) • Make China as productive as Western nations

5. Goals of G.l.F. • There was a push for rapid industrialization in order to accomplish these goals.

6. Workforce • The Great Leap Forward mobilized the population • Everyone was expected to play a role and work to support China • “Every mouth has two hands attached” • Slogans were used to motivate the workforce • “Man must conquer nature”

7. Great Leap Forward • If successful, the plan would have allowed China to assert themselves as a major world power.

8. Aspects of G.L.F. • The government focused their efforts on increasing steel production, increasing agricultural yields, and eliminating pests that may threaten food supply or productivity.

9. Steel production • Steel is an alloy made mostly of Iron (Fe) and up to 2% Carbon (C) • It is a very valuable commodity (a product that can be bought and sold)

10. Steel in the G.l.f. • Mao wanted to increase steel production • Set up backyard furnaces to make steel • This process results in low quality steel

11. Steel in the G.l.f. • To make usable steel, it must be made in a mill • People began melting down possessions (pots) in order to meet quotas. • Environmental imbalance

12. Impact • Deforestation - 10% removed • Carbon emissions • Depletion of iron ore

13. Agriculture • Rural people were expected to produce food to sustain the populace AND create a surplus that could be sold as an export. • The money would help fund further progress.

14. Agriculture plan • The government collectivized agricultural land • Instead of having a number of different people making agricultural decisions with many pieces of land, you had one central force making decisions regarding all land use • Is that good or bad?

15. Agricultural plan • Mao demanded high yields and encouraged practices that are very harmful to the soil and are not sustainable • Clearing of land • Close planting • No crop rotation • No fallow time

16. Impact • Wildlife removed, increased erosion • Interruption of biogeochemical cycling = soil infertility • Decreased crop productivity - competition

17. Changing Goals • Those in power continually increased demand. • Workers ended up with less to survive on.

18. Changing goals • “Frequent changes in the timetable were symptomatic of the Great Leap, which, in retrospect, was fantasy incarnate. Even more exaggerated targets were subsequently presented, and then frequently revised upward, for steel, grain, cotton and other products. Any semblance of serious planning was abandoned”

19. four Pests campaign • Flies • Mosquitos • Rats • Sparrows

20. Sparrow Campaign • Part of the Great Leap Forward was eradicating sparrows that threatened grain crops

21. Sparrow campaign • “It was fun to “Wipe Out the Four Pests”. The whole school went to kill sparrows. We made ladders to knock down their nests, and beat gongs in the evenings, when they were coming home to roost. It was many years before we knew that sparrows were good birds. At the time, we only knew they ate grain.”

22. The result... • With no predator left to hunt them, locust populations grew and were a much more devastating force against crops

23. Climate • At the start of the Great Leap Forward, weather conditions were optimal, making the campaign seem successful • Droughts the following year launched the country into a famine

24. great leap Famine • China experienced widespread famine • Famine resulted in a reported 15 million excess deaths, though some argue it was MUCH higher

25. Great Leap forward • The G.L.F. was the beginning of industrialization in China. • Now, China has many factories across the landscape producing goods for China and the world • Increased consumption and technology (global) have resulted in massive environmental impact

26. Air pollution How have humans contributed to air pollution in china?

29. Air Pollution • Auto and factory emissions increase as China becomes more productive and pursues a first world lifestyle.

30. water pollution Along the yellow river

31. Water concerns • Large demand for fresh water places strain on underground aquifers. • Food production runoff (as well as industrial and city waste run off) contaminates water sources and can lead to algal blooms.

32. Soil Erosion Loess Plateau

33. Soil Concerns • Agricultural practices have led to increased erosion and depletion of soil quality. • Increased demand for food places strain on agricultural land.

34. deforestation

35. Desertification

36. desertification Grazing on China’s degraded grasslands

37. Habitat Destruction • Deforestation, degradation of grasslands and wetlands • Human alteration of the landscape has resulted in habitat destruction that contributes to a number of natural disasters.

38. Biodiversity Losses • How do human actions contribute to biodiversity losses?

39. Biodiversity losses • Human consumption of fish now threatens many native fish species • As production and trade increase, China’s exposure to invasive species also increases

40. Megaprojects • Why were megaprojects like the Three Gorges Dam and the South-to-North Water Diversion Project developed?

41. Megaprojects • The large population requires more power and water. • In response these projects are designed to provide for the people

42. Community Action • Group action is a double-edged sword • Huge changes can be made in short time • For better or worse

43. Community Action • Many people can have a negative environmental impact: • Mass movements during the Great Leap Forward initiate environmental destruction.

44. Community Action • However, unity and support of positive environmental policy is the key to its restoration/preservation • Ex. The support of the one-child policy on a large scale allowed China to significantly decrease the population growth rate.

45. Garbage

46. Electronic waste