Marcos R. Camara UFRN

1. Ecological threats to Artemia franciscana populations in the coastal saltworks of Rio Grande do Norte, NE-Brazil Marcos R. Camara UFRN

2. Background • The genus Artemia is a complex of sibling species and superspecies defined by the criterion of reproductive isolation. • Two bisexual species are represented in the New World: Artemiapersimilis Piccinelli & Prosdocimiand Artemiafranciscana Kellogg.

3. Background • Artemiapersimilis is restricted to some localities in Argentina and Chile. • Artemia franciscana is endemic to the Americas and the Caribbean, with various populations established in South American countries, either by deliberate inoculation or natural dispersal.

4. Background • Artemia franciscana is found in NE-Brazil as a result of inoculations made in Macau (RN) in 1977 with cysts from a SFB stock.

5. Background • Artemia franciscana cysts have been dispersed to neighboring saltworks by men (for aquacultural purposes and to aid in salt production), by wind and by local waterfowl. • Electrophoretic evidence confirmed the proposed origin, from SFB cysts, of the Macau population (Gajardo et al., 1995).

6. Shrimp culture in NE-Brazil • The recent expansion of Litopenaeus vannamei culture in NE-Brazil has required increasing quantities of land, postlarvae and feeds, among other resources.

7. Brazilian yearly production of Litopenaeus vannamei postlarvae (PL) and estimated consumption of Artemia cysts and biomass in the period 1994-2002

8. Artemia in NE-Brazil • In order to cope with the growing demand for Artemia in NE-Brazil, harvesting pressure has dramatically increased and (re)inoculations are now common practices in the saltworks of RN.

9. Artemia in NE-Brazil The (over)exploitation of cysts and biomass in a reduced harvesting area (several hundred hectares of saltworks have recently been converted to shrimp grow-out ponds) and the risk of unaccountable and non-intentional inoculations are threats to the sustainable use and biodiversity of Artemia franciscana populations in NE-Brazil.

10. What is biodiversity? • Biodiversity has been defined as the total complexity of all life, including not only the great variety of organisms but also their varying behavior and interactions. • From this viewpoint, no single objective measure of biodiversity is possible, only measures relating to particular purposes or applications. • A measure of biodiversity should quantify a value that is both broadly shared among the people for whom they are acting and considered as being in need of protection.

11. Biodiversity value • One broadly shared value for conservingwholesalebiodiversity lies in ensuring continued possibilities both for adaptation, and for future use by people in a changing world. • Biologists, for example, have argued that this value in biodiversity is likely to be associated with the variety of different genes that can be expressed by organisms as potentially useful phenotypic traits or characters.

12. Biodiversity value • Because we do not know yet precisely which genes or characters will be of value in the future... 1. They must all be treated as having equal value. 2. The greatest value for conservation will come from ensuring the persistence of as many different genes or characters as possible, as a form of insurance.

13. Biodiversity and sustainable use of Artemia in NE-Brazil • A strategic approach is needed to assess current Artemia practices in NE-Brazil. It should include: 1. Reduction of harvesting pressure in local saltworks. 2. Mitigation of the risks associated with non- intentional inoculations. 3. Genetic characterization of local Artemia franciscana populations.

14. Genetic diversity • A currency of value for conserving the wholesalebiodiversity of Artemia franciscana populations in NE-Brazil.