Spanish Louisiana & The Louisiana Purchase

1. Spanish Louisiana & The Louisiana Purchase 1763 - 1803

2. Spanish Government BeginsCreoles were outraged about Spanish control • Antonio de Ulloa • Spain owned the colony but France continued to run it • A famous scientist and engineer who was appointed Spain’s first governor in Louisiana. • Viewed as introverted distant, and a poor manager, he was ousted from power during the Creole Revolution. • He planned to run the colony from behind the scenes • Unrest in the Colony • He married a Mestizo woman and many felt he had violated the Code Noir. • New economic regulations destroyed traditional trade ties. • Inflation was out of control so he set prices. • Merchants did not like being told how much they could charge for goods . • Superior Council disliked him and began plotting to rebel

3. The Creole Revolution • October 28, 1768, a mob of locals disabled the cannons protecting New Orleans. • 400 Creoles and German Coast residents stormed the city, and the Superior Council told Ulloa to leave • Ulloa left and the French flag flew once again • They wrote a letter to the French king asking to be taken back by France—The king did not respond • Spain was going to strike back

4. The Spanish Return with “Bloody” O’Reilly • 1 year later, Spanish fleet with 2,000 soldiers arrived in New Orleans to take back control • Commanded by General Don Alejandro O’Reilly • Although Irish, he served Spain, and with his troops returned Louisiana to Spanish control after the Creole Revolution. • He executed and imprisoned the revolt’s leaders and served as Louisiana’s governor for a year. • Became know as “Bloody” O’Reilly

5. New Laws • The Spanish government was more effective than that of the French • Spanish officials were specifically trained for their jobs so the government was more efficient than under the French. • Checks and Balances reduced political corruption among officials. • Two Lieutenant Governors assisted the Governor. • The colony was divided into Parishes with a commandment in each to enforce the law and judge minor cases. • Parishes were established. Each had a Catholic church and a priest. • The colony’s economic affairs were controlled by the intendant.

6. The Cabildo • Replaced the Superior Council and passed laws for the city of New Orleans • It included members who were appointed (by the Governor), as well as some who paid for their positions. • Each member had specific responsibilities. • If someone was convicted of a crime, they could appeal the conviction to the Cabildo • The O’Reilly Code was the name of the new Spanish legal system • It had various levels of courts and judges who were trained for their positions

7. Changes to the Code Noir • The Spanish Code Noir was similar to French, but included more rights for slaves • Freed slaves had the same rights as whites • Slaves could now testify in court • They were guaranteed a 30-minute lunch break and two-hour dinner breaks. • Owners could now free slaves without government permission. • Slaves had the right to buy their own freedom by splitting any wages they earned with their owners. • These changes resulted in a steady increase in the number of freed slaves. • Most became small merchants or craftsmen • They had to carry their manumission papers

8. Luis de Unzaga • Replaced O’Reilly as governor of Louisiana. • His calm manner and marriage to a local Creole woman along with allowing floating warehouses helped the colony prosper. • Allowed English trading vessels, called floating warehouses, to come down the Mississippi River and trade goods even thought it was illegal

9. The American Revolution • Colonists on the eastern seaboard had been arguing with Great Britain for years • Fighting erupted • On July 4, 1776 colonial delegates approved a document declaring their independence as a separate nation • Spain did not officially support either side, but hoped the colonies would win • Unzaga offered the colonies help • Oliver Pollock, an American merchant provided wheat to aid the Louisiana colony and convinced the Spanish to aid the Patriots with gunpowder

10. Bernardo de Galvez • Became governor after Unzaga. • He was popular with the citizens of Louisiana and secretly helped the colonies as they fought for independence. • Worked secretly with Oilver Pollock to provide aid to the colonies • Shipped medicine, clothing, and weapons up the Mississippi to the rebels • Considered a HUGE part of the success of the American Revolution, a Hero

11. Taking Sides • Spain decided to join the colonies in their war against England • Galvez raised an army and marched for Baton Rouge • Army included Spanish Soldiers, Creoles, black militiamen and Indians • Galvez captured Fort Bute, Fort Richmond, an English regiment at Mobile, and Pensacola • Treaties ending the Revolutionary war forced England to give: • Independence to Americans • Florida to Spain • Baton Rouge and the rest of West Florida continue to be separate from Louisiana • Spain owned the entire Gulf Coast

12. Esteban Rodriguez Miro • A Louisiana Governor fluent in seven languages. • More settlers came to Louisiana during his term than during that of any other Spanish governor. • The Colony Grows because the Spanish wanted to move in large numbers of people to protect the gold and silver mines in Mexico . • Spain built colonies population by offering a land grant which was a parcel of land promised to each family who would settle in Louisiana . • The Government also provided tools, a rooster, two hens, two pigs, and supplies for a year . • The Isleños- “Islanders” : Spanish group from the Canary Islands settled mostly in areas of St. Bernard, Ascension, and Plaquemines Parishes and made their livings by fishing and trapping.

13. The Kanitocks • Tensions over the Mississippi grew • Americans frequently traveled down the river to trade in New Orleans • Most came from Kentucky, the Creoles called all of them Kaintocks • They came into the city, drank too much, got into fights, and generally caused trouble • Due to this Miro closed the river to most American trade • Sometimes they let them through and sometime they didn’t • Kaintocks were furious with this inconsistency

14. The Spanish Conspiracy • Miro was involved • General _________________, an American and former American Revolution general, was an ambitious and untrustworthy man • He was forced to resign from the army • Wilkerson moved to _________________Territory • he traveled to _________________and met secretly with Governor Miro • Hswore _________________ to Spain • Tried to get Kentucky to _________________from the _________________and join the Spanish territory • Failed and Kentucky became a _________________

15. The Acadians • One of the _________________group of settlers • _________________-speaking Catholic colonists who lived in the French Canadian province of Acadia, which is modern-day Nova Scotia • England acquired Acadia during one of the colonial wars, but the Acadians did not like the English Protestants • The _________________erupted and the English were afraid the Acadians would help the French, so they were _________________ • Le Grand Deŕangement • 1755, the English government called a meeting and _________________about 6,000 _________________aboard a ship • It was tramatic and life-shattering • no one wanted the Acadians • People thought they were a _________________ and were _________________________________

16. Acadians Find Refuge in Louisiana • After many year in exile, Spain realized they would help populate the colony • Spanish offered to pay their way to Louisiana • 1769 - 1785: perhaps as many as 10,000 Acadians came to the colony • Settled in the prairies of southwest Louisiana and along Bayou Teche

17. New Orleans Fires • When a priest knocked over a candle the curtains caught fire • Since it was Good Friday, bells were kept quiet so it took longer to notify the fire department • Because the firemen spoke only French and the officials giving order spoke Spanish, they were unable to fight the fire effectively • Due to the size of the fire, it destroyed over 850 buildings, and over 1000 people lost their homes • To reduce fire hazards, Governor Carondelet ordered builders to use brick for structures over one story tall. • After the second fire, architects and builders copied Spanish styles so most French Quarter architecture is more Spanish than French.

18. Francisco Luis Hector, Baron de Carondelet • He was born in France, served in the French military, joined the Spanish Army. • Although French, governed Louisiana for Spain. • Two Key Events • Treaty of San Lorenzo • Pointe Coupee Slave Rebellion

19. Treaty of San Lorenzo-Boundary Disputes • Spain gained West Florida, but it’s northern boundary was under dispute • Spain claimed Natchez as part of the territory • United States argued • Western American threatened to attack New Orleans and secure take the Mississippi River • American’s were angry because Spain had closed the river to American trade the river again • Spain knew they would lose a war with the United States and have to give up Louisiana • Spain avoided war • The United States got to use the Mississippi River for trade and had the right of deposit in New Orleans for 3 years

20. The Pointe Coupée Slave Revolt • Carondelet felt harsh treatment of slaves could lead to rebellion, so he established laws that treated slave more humanely. • His policy has several effects. • These included: • Slaves challenged their owners’ authority • Work slowed down • The Pointe Coupee Revolt-which resulted in the hanging of 23 slaves and 31 floggings so severe that only four survived • Some slave owners then began treating slaves even more harshly than before the new policy • The new policy put slaves under the authority of all whites.

21. Economics – Late 1700’s • Economics • Spain was much more successful than France • Sugar • Became the primary cash crop in the colony • Etienne de Borewasa sugarcane grower with a plantation in New Orleans • His new granulating process made sugarcane a very profitable crop • Perique Tobacco • Became an important crop that brought money to the colony • Land Grants • Marquis de Maison Rouge and Baron de Bastrop were given over one Million acres in North Louisiana • Neither man met his quota to bring new settlers in • Most settlers who did come to the colony were Americans who brought English culture with them

22. The End of Spanish Louisiana • During the French Revolution, working-class people rebelled against upper-class aristocrats who ruled France. • During the 10-year revolt thousands were killed. • The King and Queen were beheaded. • Foreign French • Louisiana’s French population swelled because of the masses of French fleeing the country to escape the Revolution • They were called the Foreign French • Soon Revolutionary societies sprang up in Louisiana and the Spain feared a revolt • Governor Carondelet sent in more troops and arrested the rebels • There was no revolt

23. Napoleon Bonaparte • He became Emperor after the French Revolution. • dreamt of rebuilding the French Empire • The only significant colony France had left in North American was Saint Domingue • He wanted to turn this colony into a money-making Sugarcane plantation • He needed a place to get food for the plantation slaves and Louisiana was the answer

24. A Secret Treaty: The Treaty of San Ildefonso • Fall of 1800 Napoleon forced Spain to give Louisiana back to France in the secret Treaty of San Ildefonso. • Spain’s military was too weak to fight Napoleon • He allowed the Spanish to continue running the colony • President Jefferson became concerned the Napoleon may want to attack the United States

25. Fighting for Control • 1802 Spain revoked the right of deposit to American traders • If the river was eventually closed to trade the US economy would suffer • Jefferson decided to buy the Isle of Orleans • He know whoever controlled the city of New Orleans controlled the entire MississippiValley

26. A Change of Plans • Jefferson send US ambassador to France, Robert Livingston to make the purchase • Napoleon would not consider selling the Isle of Orleans • Livingston and James Monroe then traveled to France • Napoleon decided he wanted to sell all of the Louisiana the entire Mississippi Valley • He wanted the money for a war against England and he had lost Saint-Domingue to a slave revolt (became Haiti) , so he no longer needed LA for food supplies

27. St. Domingue Slave Rebellion • Napoleon planned to turn Saint-Domingue into a giant Sugarcane plantation, but he would then need to feed the slaves by raising more crops in Louisiana. • A war with England and a slave rebellion on the island forced him to sell Louisiana to the United States instead.

28. Signing the Treaty • Jefferson knew how aggressive Napoleon was and wondered if he might attack the United States. • Robert Livingston and James Monroe traveled to France to convince Napoleon to sell the Isle of Orleans to the United States. • They soon learned Napoleon wanted to sell the entire colony of Louisiana for the price $15,000,000. • To pay for this, Jefferson arranged to borrow most of the money from English banks.

29. The Louisiana Purchase Our nation doubled in size thanks to the Louisiana Purchase The area was later carved into 15 states.