The Civil War

1. The Civil War Rebellion, Insurgency, Revolution

2. STAARS Readiness and Supporting Standards • Reporting Category 1: History • (6) History: Westward Expansion • (B) Readiness, (C) Supporting, (D)Readiness, (E) Supporting • (7) History: Growth of Sectionalism • (A) Supporting, (B)Supporting, (C) Readiness • (8) History: Civil War Individuals, Events, and Issues • (A) Supporting, (B) Readiness • (12) Economics: Different Patterns of Economic Activity • (A) Supporting, (B) Readiness

3. A Few Questions • Did slavery cause the war, was the war about slavery, or was “slavery not the cause, but the occasion?” • Who were the revolutionaries: The South and their bid for independence, or the North and their desire for a more robust Federal compact? • The War: Could the South have won? Was a Northern Victory inevitable?

4. Slavery: Driven by expansion Fueled by Demand

6. Territorial Expansion

9. Balance of Power

11. Politics out of Control

12. Federalism Power divided between central government and regional governments • Co-Operative Federalism: Federal and State governments are equal partners; • Dual Federalism: Federal and State governments operate separate from each other; • Creative Federalism: Common planning and decision making at state and federal level; • Horizontal Federalism: Common programs and interactions among all the states • Marble Cake Federalism: Intermingling of all levels of government (federal, state, local) for policy and programs • Picket-Fence Federalism: Federal programs determined by bureaucracies and constituents • Vertical Federalism: National government is supreme within constitutional limits . . .

14. Abolitionist Moral Certainty • Slavery is Evil • Our cause is righteous • We love liberty, and are good Americans • Therefore, slave owners are evil . . . • Your cause is evil . . . • You love bondage, so could not be good Americans

16. Therein lies the rub . . . • What is permissible under the Constitution? • What if the Constitution is broadly interpreted? Who arbitrates? • How are minority rights protected? • Is the Constitution a document that limits powers held by states? • Is the Constitution a document that grants powers from the collected states to the Federal government?

17. Economics • Tariffs • Import Duties • Allows manufacturers to raise prices while also edging out competition • National Policy • Hurts some states, favors others • Help establish local industries • Hurts consumers who do not participate in manufacturing • Federally imposed burden to some, boost to others • Government picks winners and losers

18. Domestic Terrorism

19. Radical Paramilitaries

20. Limits of Democracy

21. So . . . What’s So Bad About Lincoln? • The face of a purely sectional party • Alignment of the West (Midwest) with the Northeast for purposes of spending the public trust on infrastructure that favored the North • Alignment of the executive branch with the legislative branch • Opposed the spread of slavery • Might secretly oppose slavery anywhere

22. What, then, is the Union? • Republicans win a huge victory • 60% of popular vote in the North • Lincoln only failed to carry 24 counties • 75% of Republican Senators and Congressmen coming into office represent an anti-slavery bias • Constitutional inertia led to creative workarounds under the heading of “Loose Interpretation” and “Elasticity” • Strict Constructionists fear that laws—and the Constitution—will be ignored

23. Ominous Developments •  "A party founded on the single sentiment... of hatred of African slavery, is now the controlling power.“ • Richmond Examiner • The Black Republican party is . . . in fact, essentially, a revolutionary party.“ • New Orleans Delta

24. A Blue Christmas • South Carolina, December 20, 1860 • Mississippi, January 9, 1861 • Florida, January 10, 1861 • Alabama, January 11, 1861 • Georgia, January 19, 1861 • Louisiana, January 26, 1861 • Texas, February 1, 1861

25. Jefferson Davis watched the storm brewing . . .

26. Forming the Confederacy Convention Held February 4, 1861 Montgomery, Alabama

27. Lincoln Sworn

29. Federal Property in the South, 1861

30. Fort Sumter, Saturday-Monday, April 12-14

31. The Rest of Secession

32. The IDEA of the Confederacy •  a guileless people attacked by a voracious neighbor; • an 'established' nation in some temporary difficulty; • a collection of bucolic aristocrats making a romantic stand against the banalities of industrial democracy; •  a cabal of commercial farmers seeking to make a pawn of King Cotton; • an apotheosis of nineteenth-century nationalism and revolutionary liberalism; • Believers in States’ Rights over The Leviathan • THESE United States over THE United States • Or . . . mere reactionaries

33. A Nation from the Ground Up • No true political unity • No manufacturing base • No Coercive power • Faulty economic assumptions (King Cotton) • Emotions running high • Need to manufacture a national identity • Need to manufacture national coercive power, i.e. an army . . .

34. The Rush to the Colors

35. Border States

38. INVASION

39. Lee’s Battles defending Virginia, 1862 Confederacy 90,000 Men (approx) 4,975 KIA 23,385 WIA 1,041 C/M ---------------------- 29,401 Total 33% Union 150,000 Men (approx) 3,458 KIA 16,438 WIA 12,013 C/M ---------------------- 31,927 Total 21%

40. Slavery: The Rebel Humpty DumptyPreliminary Proclamation presented July 22

41. The elephant in the room

42. Rebels Turn the Tables

44. CSA Losses in 1863 109,000 USA Losses in 1863 82,000

45. New Team in Place

46. Impact • 180,000 (10% of Union Army) • 37,000 died

47. Federal Casualties in Virginia, 1864 • The Wilderness, May 5-7: 17,666 • Spotsylvania, May 10 and 12: 10,920 • Drewry's Bluff, May 12-16: 4,160 • Cold Harbor, June 1-3: 12,000 • Petersburg, June 15-30: 16,569 • TOTAL 61,315 • 1,075 a day

48. Sherman Makes Georgia Howl

49. Lincoln Enters Richmond, April 4

50. Lee’s Surrender, April 9