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Review: Indian Civilizations

Review: Indian Civilizations. Indus Valley Civilization circa 2600BCE-1900 BCE. Political – city state governed by kings Economic- Trade with Mesopotamia; agricultural; cotton and food crops; industry= textiles; some merchants, mostly farmers; urbanized- large cities (Harappa & Mohenjo-Daro)

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Review: Indian Civilizations

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  1. Review: Indian Civilizations

  2. Indus Valley Civilization circa 2600BCE-1900 BCE Political – city state governed by kings Economic- Trade with Mesopotamia; agricultural; cotton and food crops; industry= textiles; some merchants, mostly farmers; urbanized- large cities (Harappa & Mohenjo-Daro) Religious- polytheistic; fertility goddess Social- stratification; kings and priests top of hierarchy Int/art- pottery, clay figurines; jewelry of silver and gold Near-Arabian Sea; modern day India and Pakistan

  3. Mauryan Civilization 324-184 BCE • Political – 1st centralized empire – Chandragupta Maurya; Govt bureaucracy; strong military • Economic- extensive trade: Silk Road to China, trade with Persia and the Mediterranean; traded cotton, black pepper and gems; agriculture; state farms cultivated by slaves • Religion: Hinduism; Ashoka (269-232BCE) Royal Patron of Buddhism • Social: Caste System- Brahmins, Kshatriya, Vaishya, shudra, untouchables • Int/Art: Buddhist architecture spread under Ashoka; Buddhist schools and universities; • Near- Northern India

  4. In-between Period • Political disunity- regional governments- ruled by princes

  5. Gupta 320 CE- 550 CE • Political- Kings- Decentralization of power allowed regional rulers to keep power and maintain local policies • Economic-Trade with China, SE Asia, and eastern Mediterranean; slave labor; Indian merchants shipped ivory, jewels, textiles, salt and iron; very wealthy civilization; use of Silk Road • Religion- Hinduism dominant religion- tolerant of others especially Buddhism • Social-Caste System; slave labor • Int/art- literature, math- decimal system, pi and zero, and science • Near- North and Central Asia

  6. 600CE-1200CE • India was decentralized; no unification • Muslim invaders 900s attack Indian border • 1022- conquest of northern India for next 200 years

  7. Delhi Sultanate 1206 CE- 1520s • Political-Muslim Sultans; laws based on the Quran; Princess Razia Sultana(1236-1240) - • first queen of a Muslim state. • Economics- Heavy taxation; trade- The chief items of export were grain, cotton, precious stones, indigo, hides, opium, spices and sugar • Religion- Muslim; religious toleration but non Muslims had to pay the jizya

  8. Social-Caste system- Muslims incorporated; New culture formed, blending Muslim, Indian elements • Int/art- Great Mosques built, colleges founded, irrigation systems improve; Invited artists, scholars from other parts of Islamic world to Delhi. Middle East, Africa, Spain, Central Asia • Near-Northern and central India

  9. Mughal 1526-1858 • Political- Babur (Mongol)defeated Delhi Sultanate; Capitals at Agra and Delhi; Large bureaucracy; Tooktaxes and managed local regions; Muslim Islamic Sultans rule absolutely (centralized) • Akbar The Great- best known for tolerance, especially toward Hindus. Divided empire into provinces & used governors • Aurangzeb 1658- persecuted the Hindus & Sikhs of N. India;increasedtaxes further; crushed independent Hindu states

  10. Economic-Very wealthy empire; money spent on architecture and war creation of a road system; Grand Trunk Road; Cities grew rapidly; State-owned karkhanas (factories) produced luxury goods; Silk and COTTON textiles; steel. • Religion-Rulers were a Sufi Muslim minority; Generally treated Hindus well, Except Arangzeb; Sikhs – historically Islam and Hinduism mixed • Social- population 110 and 130 million; Caste system present but less important; Women gain rights under Islam; people of all castes honored by Sultan; middle class of traders; 90% were poor farmers who were heavily taxed • Int/art- Mughal architectural style = Hindu and Islamic • Near- Northen/central India

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