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Indigenous peoples • The African Commission through its Working Group of Experts on Indigenous Populations/Communities has set out four criteria for identifying indigenous peoples. These are: the occupation and use of a specific territory; the voluntary perpetuation of cultural distinctiveness; self-identification as a distinct collectivity, as well as recognition by other groups; an experience of subjugation, marginalisation, dispossession, exclusion or discrimination. The Working Group also demarcated some of the shared characteristics of African indigenous groups: … first and foremost (but not exclusively) different groups of hunter-gatherers or former hunter gatherers and certain groups of pastoralists… … A key characteristic for most of them is that the survival of their particular way of life depends on access and rights to their traditional land and the natural resources thereon. (Endorois case, para 150)
Communautés Autochtones • Communautés Autochtones • La Commission africaine, par l'intermédiaire de son Groupe de travail d'experts sur les populations / communautés autochtones, a établi quatre critères pour identifier les peuples autochtones. Ce sont: l'occupation et l'utilisation d'un territoire spécifique; la perpétuation volontaire du caractère distinctif culturel; l'auto-identification en tant que collectivité distincte, ainsi que la reconnaissance par d'autres groupes; une expérience de subjugation, de marginalisation, de dépossession, d'exclusion ou de discrimination. Le Groupe de travail a également délimité certaines des caractéristiques communes des groupes autochtones africains: ... avant tout (mais pas exclusivement) différents groupes de chasseurs-cueilleurs ou d'anciens chasseurs-cueilleurs et certains groupes de pasteurs ... ... Une caractéristique clé pour la plupart d'entre eux est la survie de leur mode de vie dépend de l'accès et des droits sur leurs terres traditionnelles et sur les ressources naturelles qui s'y trouvent. (Endorois, par. 150)
DEFINITION (ACCA) • ACCA position on FPIC Free prior and informed consent is a non‐negotiable threshold for every aspect of projects likely to affect communities. Communities must be able to participate in decisions affecting them and their livelihoods, including through the negotiation and life cycle of a project. (ACCA Declaration, Ghana 2013) - Issues for inclusion: gender – (specifically mentioned) specific groups (PWDs, children) – (proposed?) - Should we keep communities broadly or specify: affected communities, impacted communities, customary communities?
DEFINITION (ACCA) • ACCA Le consentement préalable, libre et éclairé est un seuil non négociable pour tous les aspects des projets susceptibles d’avoir des incidences sur les communautés. Les communautés doivent être en mesure de participer aux décisions qui ont des incidences sur leurs vies et leurs moyens de subsistance, notamment à travers la négociation et le cycle de vie d'un projet.
ISSUES • Proposed definition Free prior and informed consent is a non‐negotiable threshold for every aspect of projects likely to affect [all]communities in Africa [including to indigenous, customary and affected communities]. All communities must be able to decide in decisions affecting them and their livelihoods, including through the negotiation and life cycle of a project. Specific groups including women, children and persons with disabilities must be enable to participate in the FPIC process.
ISSUES Proposition de définition Le consentement libre, préalable et éclairé est un seuil non négociable pour tous les aspects des projets susceptibles d'affecter [toutes] les communautés en Afrique [y compris les communautés autochtones, coutumières et affectées]. Toutes les communautés doivent être capable de prendre des décisions les affectant et leurs moyens de subsistance, y compris à travers la négociation et le cycle de vie d'un projet. Des groupes spécifiques, notamment les femmes, les enfants et les personnes handicapées, doivent pouvoir participer au processus de CLIP
Implementation/Strategies • Advocacy toolkit • Legal empowerment programs for communities • Strategic alliance (sensitizing the parliament) • Reformation of policy environment (Liberia example) • Focus on the reputational risk of businesses • Baseline consensus on FPIC (Free – no intimidation, bribery or inducement; Informed – information should include both negative and positive aspects of investments, the right to know more about the information; consent – (should mean communities understand the full ramifications of the project; should be gendered and include PWDs, children, women; special emphasis on women – address cultural issues on ground) • In the case of West Africa, strategic litigation (ECOWAS Court importantly) can be an effective strategy (ECOWAS Mining Directive)-examples of Guinea
Implementation/Strategies (cont’d) • Push advocacy around the community’s power to either approve or reject (central to FPIC/CLIP) • Highlight land rights (link to land-grabbing) • Build solidarity and share information on actual cases/norms/campaigns (e.g Model Mining Law/Southern African Campaign for Dismantling Corporate Power) • Advocate for community rights law • Transform commitments to laws. How can we empower communities to ensure that their position is maintained? • Strategize on how to protect human rights defenders within the context of FPIC. • Build movements at community level • Strengthen community structures and by-laws (use as vehicle for engagement) • Contingency strategies • Training more paralegals within the communities