Enzo Mingione University of Milan Bicocca Comparative sociology of European Societies May 11, 2010

1. Enzo Mingione University of Milan BicoccaComparative sociology of European SocietiesMay 11, 2010 Labour market regimes and welfare regimes as comparative sociological tools The historical logics of convergence and the meanings of different combinations of variables

2. The mixes are different and vary over time. Systematic rules make a mix to become a welfare regime In order to understand a welfare regime we have to: 1- Explain the meaning of differences 2- Explain how changes take place: persistence versus adaptations versus transformation 3- Explain the connections between welfare and labour market: welfare is a product of the diffusion of wage labour for industrial commodified production

3. The logic of welfare in historical perspetive

4. The main factors producing crisis and transformation of the pre-industrial support mode • Division of labour / specialization • Geographical mobility • The limits of the market as a support resource: payed by productivity versus needs due to biographical events (old age, children, education, inexperience, bad health, etc.) (Rownthree, 1900, Study of poverty in York)

5. The common features of the Fordist welfare capitalism regimes • The nation state as a strong base (weber) • Three main pillars of national welfare: education, health, pensions • Welfare institutional building and path-dependency • Complementarity between growth and welfare expansion. Esping- Andersen (1990) The three world of welfare capitalism

6. Area of redistribution - state Area of Reciprocity family Area of market cooperation The pillars of welfare capitalism

7. Area of redistribution: state and politics Fiscal and legitimation difficulties of the nation state Necessity for welfare reforms. Increasing importance of third sector. Liberalization of public services. Governance Crisis of welfare capitalism New disembeddedness tensions New marketization wave based on global, information, knoweldge Vertical disintegration of firms Global industrial relocation Cost of row materials out of control Second industrial divide / tertiarization Informational and knowledge divide Eterogeneity and instability of employment = end of breadwinner Second demografic transition: Longevity versus decreasing birth and marriage Decreasing importance of nuclear families Mismatch between informal demand and supply of care Eterogeneity and instability of households and life-cycles Area of market institutions cooperation logics Area of reciprocity family, kinship, community

8. Conservative institutionalist variant (Germany) Individualist variant quasi-welfarist (United Kingdom) Area of welfare state intervention, Redistribution Social-democratic model (Sweden) Minimum mix of elements Conservative model Familistic variant Liberal model (USA) (Italy/Spain) Area of individualistic competition, Market Area of family, third sector, Reciprocity Models and variants of welfare capitalism

9. Development of different WS models y High Individualization without public institutional support (USA) Individualization with high public institutional support (SW) Individualization with low public institutional support (GB) Autonomy from the family and the community Individualization with corporative institutional support (G) Individualization with weak state (It, Es) x Starting point Pre-Industrial Societies Institutional Support High

10. The present tensions • The decline of the strength of national boundaries: global, sovranational (European Union), subnational (local and regional) Ferrera(2006) The Boundaries of Welfare. • The new waves of immigration: transnationalism, heterogeneity, instability. • The second demographic transition: longevity, decreasing nuclear family with dependent children, instability. • Employment change

11. Employment and industrial organization change • Instability of employment • Heterogeneity of contracts • Vertical disintegration of firms • Subcontracting and network organizations • The impact of the knowledge divide • The diffusion of service firms and employment

12. Why the local level of welfare and labour market is becoming important again? • Social assistance in order to match increasing socio-demografic heterogeneity • Transition control of unstable careers • Insertion complex programmes built with public-private partnership • Importance of local personalized care • Individualization and personal responsability in welfare and employment.

13. Factors shaping strategies Factors shaping groups at risk Strategies Groups at risk Partnership public & private sector Migrants (ethnic minorities) Co-ordination (from top down and viceversa) Socio-economic transformations Welare design Historical and cultural traditions Kinship and family support Long term unemployed Insertion programmes (RMI) Local welfare Welfare design system Responsabilisation of the recipients Single mothers Intermediation Professionalisation of the Third Sector One income families

14. Distribution of ESOPO cities according to their level of institutional Distribution of ESOPO cities according to their level of support and the degree of autonomy from family and community support support and the degree of autonomy from family and community sup y y High High Gothenburg Gothenburg & & Helsingborg Helsingborg support support Bremen Rennes Halle Rennes Halle St. Etienne Turin St. Etienne family and community family and community Bremen Vitoria Turin Milan Barcelona Vitoria Milan Autonomy from Autonomy from Barcelona Porto Porto Legend Legend Legend Cosenza Cosenza Lisbon = = = Lisbon Tendencies Tendencies Tendencies = = included included in the longitudinal study in the longitudinal study = = not included in the longitudinal study not included in the longitudinal study x x Low Low High High Institutional support Institutional support