Ch 12 Mongol Eurasia and Its Aftermath

1. Ch 12 Mongol Eurasia and Its Aftermath

2. Warm Up Chapter 11 Notes • Define Chinampa: • Location of the Maya • Capital City of the Mayan: • Bloodletting: • Religion of the Aztecs was based on: • Aztecs believed gods needed __________ to survive • Define Mit’a

3. I. Rise of the Mongols, 1200-1600 • A. Nomadism in Central and Inner Asia • The Mongols were nomadic people who were fierce warriors and skilled horsemen • Nomads depended on scarce water sources and pastures • Conflict occurs because of scarcity of resources • Social Hierarchy: • Were divided into separate clans, each ruled by a khan, or chief • Women often negotiated alliances between khans • Women were in charge of the selection of a successor often a relative would be secured

4. Religious Impact: • Mongol’s were religiously accepting • Mongol khans were thought to represent the Sky god and were seen as universal rulers • B. Mongol Conquests, 1215-1283 • Genghis Khan conquered all of north China and threatened the Southern Song • In 1265 Mongols had three empires: Il Khan, Golden Horde, and Great Khan (Mongol home empire) • Khubilai declared himself Great Khan in 1265 • Yuan Empire, capital Beijing in 1271 and in 1279 Yuan conquered Song Empire

6. Ghengis Khan

12. Factors of Mongol Conquest: • Superior Horsemanship, better bows, and techniques of using bows on calvalry • Genghis Khan organized the Mongols into a powerful military machine and his armies were highly mobile and could strike quickly • Used brutality and psychological warfare • C. Overland trade and plague • Overland trade routes brought about integration of cultures, technologies, and science • Diseases included bubonic plague spread through trade routes of Empire

13. During night operations he ordered each soldier to light three torches at dusk to give the illusion of an overwhelming army and deceive and intimidate enemy scouts. • He also sometimes had objects tied to the tails of his horses, so that riding on open and dry fields raised a cloud of dust that gave the enemy the impression of great numbers. His soldiers used arrows specially notched to whistle as they flew through the air, creating a terrifying noise. • Tamerlane, an heir to the Mongol martial tradition, built a pyramid of 90,000 human heads in front of the walls of Delhi, to convince them to surrender. • Other tactics included firing severed human heads from catapults into enemy lines and over city walls to frighten enemy soldiers and citizens and spread diseases in the close confines of a besieged city. the Mongols under Janibeg catapulted corpses infected with plague into the trading city of Kaffa in Crimea. The dismayed Genoese traders withdrew, bringing the plague back with them to Italy and beginning the European phase of the Black Death!

16. Marco Polo

17. Marco Polo’s Route

18. Marco Polo • probably the most famous Westerner traveled on the Silk Road. He excelled all the other travelers in his determination, his writing, and his influence. His journey through Asia lasted 24 years. He reached further than any of his predecessors, beyond Mongolia to China. He became a confidant of Kublai Khan (1214-1294). He traveled the whole of China and returned to tell the tale, which became the greatest travelogue.

19. Marco Polo • Marco, a gifted linguist and master of four languages, became a favorite with the khan and was appointed to high posts in his administration. He served at the Khan's court and was sent on a number of special missions in China, Burma and India. Many places which Marco saw were not seen again by Europeans until last century. Marco went on great length to describe Kublia's capital, ceremonies, hunting and public assistance, and they were all to be found on a much smaller scale in Europe.

20. II. Mongols and Islam, 1260-1500 • A. Mongol Rivalry • Il Khan location: included Armenia, Azerbaijan, Mesopotamia, and Iran • Relations between Buddhist: were tense because Mongols had murdered the last Abbasid caliph • Russia was under domination of the Golden Horde • Mongols tried to drive Muslims out of Syria, Lebanon, and Palestine

21. B. Islam and the State • The goal of the states was to collect tax revenue for the empire through tax farming • tax farming delivered: a large amount of grain, cash, and silk • Over taxation led to increase in price of grain, and a severe economic crisis • C. Culture and Science • Rashid al-Din: was a Jew who converted to Islam and served as an advisor to the Il-khan ruler • Historian who wrote about the Mongol rule • Astronomy, calendar making, and prediction of eclipses • Mathematics, adapted Indian numerical system, value of pi

23. III. Regional Response • A. Russia • KievanRus made capital at mouth of Volga at the end of the trade route • Capital city was determined by the Mongols who ruled the area • Main objective of the Golden Horde (Russia) was to extract as much tax as possible • Under the rule of Alexander of Novgorod, Moscow emerged as center of Russia • Mongol domination had a negative effect on Russia bringing economic depression and cultural isolation

26. Ivan the III ended the rule of the Mongols in 1480 and adopted the title tsar • B. Eastern Europe • Hungary and Poland faced Mongols alone • Mongols attack Europe • Contact between Mongols and Europeans increased after Mongol withdrawal bringing knowledge about geography, natural resources, commerce, and technology

29. IV. Mongol Domination in China, 1271-1368 • A. Yuan Empire • Under Khubilai Khan Chinese Government was based on Chinese traditions, Beijing capital • Mongols unified Tanggut, Jin, and Song empires into one • Mongols government: • Included tax farming, use of Muslims as officials, merchants and doctors were elevated while Confucius had a weak role

30. Kublai Khan

32. Chinese cities and ports: • Under Mongol rule ports and cities prospered, trade flourished, and merchant class became important. Merchants came together and created corporations • Elite people moved from suburbs to the cities because of the prosperity of cites • Mandarin dialect develops during this time period • Agriculture: • Rural areas had cotton growing, spinning, and weaving • Construction of irrigation systems • Farmers were overtaxed and brutalized by the Yuan Empire

33. B. Culture and Science Exchange • Yuan and Il khan empires shared knowledge like algebra, trigonometry • Medical texts, seeds, and formulas were brought to China from Persia • C. Fall of Yuan Empire

34. Kublai Khan tried to expand his empire • Sent several invading forces into Southeast Asia, which all failed • He also tried to invade Japan twice, but failed again • These military losses, along with Chinese resentment of foreign rule, led to rebellion that ended the Yuan dynasty • Jurchens are invaders of the north that were loyal to the Mongols that will threaten the Ming Dynasty

37. Zhu

38. V. Ming Empire, 1368-1500 • A. Ming China • Zhu capital at Nanjing to reject Mongol ideas and create own empire • Zhu Yuanzhang overthrew Mongols and reasserted Confucian ideology • Moved the capital to Beijing • Created the forbidden city • Military service: heredity service, people from the Mongols served in the army despite being taken over • Expeditions and trade routes:

39. One Ming ruler sponsored overseas voyages • Chinese admiral Zheng He led seven voyages that brought back 2 giraffes and many luxury goods • Zheng He traveled with 300 ships • Overall not profitable voyages • Made contact with the first Europeans since Marco Polo, the Portuguese • Restricted foreign trade to a few ports • Ming disliked the influence of Europeans, especially the missionaries – wanted to preserve China’s traditions

47. B. Technology and Population • Metallurgy, high cost of wood and metal: • Slowdown in technology due to high cost of metals and wood, revival of civil service exam • Fear of technology transfer? • Korea surpassed in firearms, shipbuilding, calendar making • Japan surpassed in mining, metallurgy • Korea—firearms, shipbuilding, meteorology, calendar making

48. C. Ming Achievement • Period of great wealth • Ming novels include Water Margin and Romance of the Three Kingdoms • Porcelain making and lacquer excelled along with silk