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CHAPTER 2: Internet Protocols

CCNA: Cisco Certified Network Associate Study Guide. CHAPTER 2: Internet Protocols. The CCNA exam topics covered in this chapter include the following:. Technology Evaluate TCP/IP communication processes and its associated protocols. TCP/IP and the DoD Model.

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CHAPTER 2: Internet Protocols

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  1. CCNA: Cisco Certified Network Associate Study Guide CHAPTER 2: Internet Protocols

  2. The CCNA exam topics covered in this chapter include the following: • Technology • Evaluate TCP/IP communication processes and its associated protocols

  3. TCP/IP and the DoD Model • The DoD model is basically a condensed version of the OSI model—it’s composed of four, instead of seven, layers: • Process/Application layer • Host-to-Host layer • Internet layer • Network Access layer

  4. TCP/IP and the DoD Model The TCP/IP Protocol Suite

  5. TCP/IP and the DoD Model Process/Application Layer Protocols • Telnet • File Transfer Protocol (FTP) • Trivial File Transfer Protocol (TFTP) • Network File System (NFS) • Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) • Line Printer Daemon (LPD) • X Window • Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) • Domain Name Service (DNS) • Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP)/BootP (Bootstrap Protocol)

  6. TCP/IP and the DoD Model Host-to-Host Layer Protocols Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) Header

  7. Transport Layer Overview Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) User Datagram Protocol (UDP) Connection-OrientedConnectionless Application Transport NNTP(119), HTTP (80), HTTPS (443), Telnet (23), FTP (21), SMTP (25): TCP TFTP (69), SNMP(161): UDP DNS (53): both TCP and UDP

  8. Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) • Connection-oriented services • Uses virtual circuits (three-way handshake) • Enables devices to send large quantities of data using windowing in a connection-oriented manner • Uses acknowledgements • Considered reliable Dest Port Source Port Ack. Number Window number Sequence number … CRC Data Segment

  9. TCP/IP and the DoD Model Host-to-Host Layer Protocols User Datagram Protocol (UDP) Header

  10. User Datagram Protocol (UDP) • Simple connectionless service • No windowing • No sequencing • No acknowledgements, which reduces overhead traffic Dest Port Source. Port Length CRC Data Segment Note: TCP and UDP both have source and destination port numbers and a CRC field

  11. TCP/IP and the DoD Model Key Concepts of Host-to-Host Protocols

  12. TCP/IP and the DoD Model Port Numbers • < 1024: “Well-known port numbers” • Defined in RFC 3232; linked to specific applications or protocols • 1024: Dynamically assigned • Used by upper layers to communicate between hosts

  13. TCP/IP and the DoD Model Internet Layer Protocols • Internet Protocol (IP) • Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) • Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) • Reverse Address Resolution Protocol (RARP) • Proxy ARP

  14. TCP/IP and the DoD Model Internet Layer Protocols

  15. Internet Protocol (IP) • Provides network addressing and routing through an internetwork • Connectionless service Dest Port Source Port … Data Segment Dest IP Source IP Protocol … Segment Packet

  16. TCP/IP and the DoD Model Internet Layer Protocols

  17. TCP/IP and the DoD Model Local APR Broadcast

  18. TCP/IP and the DoD Model RARP Broadcast

  19. Proxy ARP • Allows a router to respond to an ARP request that is intended for a remote host How do we send packets out of the local network with multiple default gateways? But proxy Arp can cause network congestion…

  20. IP Addressing • Hierarchical Addressing Framework • Network.node addressing, 32 bits (4-bytes) • The Hierarchical advantage is increased ability of addresses

  21. Binary to Decimal The following table shows the decimal values of each bit location in a nibble and a byte. Remember, a nibble is 4 bits and a byte is 8 bits. What all this means is that if a one digit (1) is placed in a value spot, then the nibble or byte takes on that decimal value, and adds it to any other value spots that have a one. And if a zero (0) is placed in a bit spot, then you don’t count that value.

  22. Binary to Decimal Review Converting binary to decimal examples: 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1: Bit values 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 = 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 = 15 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 = 85 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 = 131 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 = 22 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 = 255 What is the hex equivalent of each binary number?

  23. Binary (Cont.) Bits Binary Decimal 0 00000000 0 1 10000000 128 2 11000000 192 3 11100000 224 4 11110000 240 5 11111000 248 6 11111100 252 7 11111110 254 8 11111111 255

  24. IP Addressing The Hierarchical IP Addressing Scheme • Dotted-decimal, as in 172.163.30.56 • Binary, as in 10101100.00010000.00011110.00111000 • Hexadecimal, as in AC.10.1E.38

  25. IP Addressing Reserved IP Addresses

  26. IP Addressing Summary of the Three Classes of Networks

  27. IP Addressing Class A Addresses • Structure • Network.node.node.node • Class A Valid Host IDs • 10.0.0.0 All host bits off • 10.255.255.255 All host bits on • Valid hosts = 10.0.0.1 - 10.255.255.254 • 0’s & 255s can be valid hosts but all hosts bits cannot all be off or on at the same time! • 224-2 = 222

  28. IP Addressing Class B Addresses • Structure • Network.Network.node.node • Class B Valid Host IDs • 172.16.0.0 All host bits off • 172.16.255.255 All host bits on • Valid hosts = 172.16.0.1 - 172.16.255.254 • 0’s & 255s can be valid hosts but all hosts bits cannot all be off or on at the same time! • 216-2 = 214

  29. IP Addressing Class C Addresses • Structure • Network.Network.Network.node • Class C Valid Host IDs • 192.168.100.0 All host bits off • 192.168.100.255 All host bits on • Valid hosts = 192.168.100.1 - 192.168.100.254 • 0’s & 255s can be valid hosts but all hosts bits cannot all be off or on at the same time! • 28-2 = 26

  30. IP Addressing Private IP Addresses

  31. Broadcast Addresses

  32. Broadcast Addresses • Layer 2 Broadcasts—These are sent to all nodes on a Lan • Broadcasts (layer 3)—These are sent to all notes on the network • Unicast—These are sent to a single destination host • Multicast—These are packets sent from a single source, and transmitted to many devices on different networks

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