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1431-1432 AH 2010 AD

Identification. The introduction of substances, biological organisms, or energy into the soil, resulting in a change of the soil quality, which is likely to affect the normal use of soil or endangering public health and the living environment is called soil pollution.. Amal Alghamdi 346 MIC .

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1431-1432 AH 2010 AD

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    1. 1431-1432 AH 2010 AD Amal Alghamdi 346 MIC

    2. Identification The introduction of substances, biological organisms, or energy into the soil, resulting in a change of the soil quality, which is likely to affect the normal use of soil or endangering public health and the living environment is called soil pollution. Amal Alghamdi 346 MIC

    3. Cause Soil pollution results from the buildup of contaminants, toxic compounds, radioactive materials, salts, chemicals and cancer-causing agents. Amal Alghamdi 346 MIC

    4. Causes Examples: Industrial wastes, such as harmful gases and chemicals, agricultural pesticides, fertilizers and insecticides are the most important causes of soil pollution. Leakages from sanitary sewage. Acid rains, when fumes released from industries get mixed with rains. Fuel leakages from automobiles, that get washed away due to rain and seep into the nearby soil. Unhealthy waste management techniques, which are characterized by release of sewage into the large dumping grounds and nearby streams or rivers. Amal Alghamdi 346 MIC

    5. The flow of material passing through the soil. Amal Alghamdi 346 MIC What are the Effects of Soil Pollution? The effects of pollution on soil are quite alarming and can cause huge disturbances in the ecological balance and health of living creatures on earth. Some of the most serious soil pollution effects are mentioned below. Decrease in soil fertility and therefore decrease in the soil yield. Definitely, how can one expect a contaminated soil to produce healthy crops? Loss of soil and natural nutrients present in it. Plants also would not thrive in such a soil, which would further result in soil erosion. Disturbance in the balance of flora and fauna residing in the soil. Increase in salinity of the soil, which therefore makes it unfit for vegetation, thus making it useless and barren. Generally crops cannot grow and flourish in a polluted soil. Yet if some crops manage to grow, then those would be poisonous enough to cause serious health problems in people consuming them. Creation of toxic dust leading is another potential effect of soil pollution. Foul smell due to industrial chemicals and gases might result in headaches, fatigue, nausea, etc. in many people. Soil pollutants would bring in alteration in the soil structure, which would lead to death of many essential organisms in it. This would also affect the larger predators and compel them to move to other places, once they lose their food supply. What are the Effects of Soil Pollution?

    6. Pollutants The most common soil pollutants are : Hydrocarbons. heavy metals (Cadmium, Lead, Chromium, Copper, Zinc, Mercury and Arsenic). Herbicides. Pesticides. Oils. Tars(A dark, oily material, consisting mainly of hydrocarbons). polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) : an organic compound. Dioxins: Any of several carcinogenic or teratogenic heterocyclic hydrocarbons that occur as impurities in petroleum-derived herbicides). Amal Alghamdi 346 MIC Tars:A dark, oily, viscous material, consisting mainly of hydrocarbons, produced by the destructive distillation of organic substances such as wood, coal, or peat. Coal tar. A solid residue of tobacco smoke containing byproducts of combustion. PCBs :. Any of a family of industrial compounds produced by chlorination of biphenyl, noted primarily as an environmental pollutant that accumulates in animal tissue with resultant pathogenic and teratogenic effects. Dioxin:toxic solid, formed in the manufacture of the herbicide 2,4,5-T and present as an impurity in Agent Orange. It can cause skin disfigurement (chloracne) and severe fetal defects. Tars:A dark, oily, viscous material, consisting mainly of hydrocarbons, produced by the destructive distillation of organic substances such as wood, coal, or peat. Coal tar. A solid residue of tobacco smoke containing byproducts of combustion. PCBs :.Any of a family of industrial compounds produced by chlorination of biphenyl, noted primarily as an environmental pollutant that accumulates in animal tissue with resultant pathogenic and teratogenic effects.Dioxin:toxic solid, formed in the manufacture of the herbicide 2,4,5-T and present as an impurity in Agent Orange. It can cause skin disfigurement (chloracne) and severe fetal defects.

    7. Tests to assess soil pollution The most common tests include physical, chemical and biological. Physical Characteristics: Temperature, color, texture, etc. Chemical analysis: moisture content, carbonate, nitrate, pH, and base deficiency. Biological like screening for the presence of microorganisms. Amal Alghamdi 346 MIC

    8. Determination of pH value Aim: To determine the pH value of given soil sample. Materials: Test tubes Graduated pipettes 10mM CaCl2 pH meter. Measuring cylinder. Distilled water. Amal Alghamdi 346 MIC

    9. Determination of pH value Procedure: Amal Alghamdi 346 MIC

    10. Determination of pH value Results: Record the results in the following table: Amal Alghamdi 346 MIC

    11. Conclusion: A pH of 7 indicates neutral soil. A pH above 7 indicates alkaline soil. A pH below 7 indicates acidic soil. For good plant growth, you need a pH range of 5.5 to 7.5. The majority of garden plants including fruit and lawns prefer a slightly acidic soil, which is somewhere between pH 6.0 and pH 6.5. Amal Alghamdi 346 MIC http://www.greenfingers.com/articledisplay.asp?id=489http://www.greenfingers.com/articledisplay.asp?id=489

    12. Carbonate (CO3 -2 ) Assessing . Aim: to determine the carbonate in the given soil sample. Materials: Soil samples 1M HCL Test tubes Amal Alghamdi 346 MIC Carbonates in Soil Various primary and secondary carbonates are found in soils (Doner and Lynn, 1989). The most common types are calcite (CaCO3) or a poorly crystalline equivalent and dolomite [CaMg(CO3)2]. Less common soil carbonates include sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) and siderite (FeCO3). Carbonates buffer soil pH and are an indication of the relative abundance of bases. The presence of Ca+2 promotes clay flocculation. Besides these pedogenic implications, carbonate minerals play an important role in soil management (Doner and Lynn, 1989). The distribution and amount of carbonates influence soil fertility, erodibility, and available water capacity. Carbonates effervesce when treated with dilute hydrochloric acid (Eq. 1). The extent and rate of effervescence are affected by the amount of carbonates, the chemical and physical nature of the carbonates (e.g., particle size and mineralogy), the temperature and water content of the soil, and the temperature and concentration of the HCl applied to the sample. Consequently, effervescence is not a precise indicator but a relative index of the amount of carbonates in the soil matrix. Eq. 1     CaCO3 + 2HCl = H2O + CO2(g) +Ca2+ + 2Cl- Carbonates in Soil Various primary and secondary carbonates are found in soils (Doner and Lynn, 1989). The most common types are calcite (CaCO3) or a poorly crystalline equivalent and dolomite [CaMg(CO3)2]. Less common soil carbonates include sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) and siderite (FeCO3). Carbonates buffer soil pH and are an indication of the relative abundance of bases. The presence of Ca+2 promotes clay flocculation. Besides these pedogenic implications, carbonate minerals play an important role in soil management (Doner and Lynn, 1989). The distribution and amount of carbonates influence soil fertility, erodibility, and available water capacity. Carbonates effervesce when treated with dilute hydrochloric acid (Eq. 1). The extent and rate of effervescence are affected by the amount of carbonates, the chemical and physical nature of the carbonates (e.g., particle size and mineralogy), the temperature and water content of the soil, and the temperature and concentration of the HCl applied to the sample. Consequently, effervescence is not a precise indicator but a relative index of the amount of carbonates in the soil matrix. Eq. 1     CaCO3 + 2HCl = H2O + CO2(g) +Ca2+ + 2Cl-

    13. Carbonate Assessing. Procedure: Take a little amount of the different types of soil each in different test tubes. Add few drops of HCL to each tube and note the degree of effervescence produces in all cases that may be divided into groups as + , ++ , +++ , ++++ The samples showing maximum degree of effervescence indicates maximum amounts of carbonates. The more carbonates present, the more bubbles or effervescence occurs. Amal Alghamdi 346 MIC

    14. Carbonate Assessing. Results: Record the results in the following table: Eq. 1     CaCO3 + 2HCl = H2O + CO2(g) +Ca2+ + 2Cl- Inference & Conclusion: Amal Alghamdi 346 MIC

    15. Carbonate detection (by titration). Aim: to determine the carbonate in the given soil sample. Materials: Burette. 50ml volumetric pipettes. 250 ml conical flask. 1ml graduated pipettes. Sulphuric acid. Phenolphthalein indicator Amal Alghamdi 346 MIC

    16. Carbonate detection (by titration). Procedure: Prepare soil solution by taking 10 gm of soil into measuring cylinder and making the solution to 100 ml mark by adding distil water. 50 ml of soil solution is pipetted out into a conical flask. 0.5 ml of phenolphthalein indicator is added. This gives a pink color to soil solution if carbonates are present. Now this is treated with Sulphuric acid until the pink color disappears. End point is noted. Consequently, effervescence is not a precise indicator but a relative index of the amount of carbonates in the soil matrix. Amal Alghamdi 346 MIC

    17. Carbonate detection (by titration). Results: Record the results in the following table: Inference & Conclusion: Amal Alghamdi 346 MIC

    18. Carbonates presence in soil The presence of carbonates in soil may indicate a dry climate or a particular type of parent material rich in calcium, such as limestone. Free carbonates often coat soil particles in soils that are basic (i.e., pH greater than 7). Sometimes in dry climates, carbonates form a hard and dense horizon similar to cement, and plant roots cannot grow through it. Carbonates buffer soil pH and are an indication of the relative abundance of bases. The distribution and amount of carbonates influence soil fertility, erodibility, and available water capacity. Amal Alghamdi 346 MIC Consequently, effervescence is not a precise indicator but a relative index of the amount of carbonates in the soil matrix. The presence of Ca+2 promotes clay flocculation. Besides these pedogenic implications, carbonate minerals play an important role in soil management (Doner and Lynn, 1989). Consequently, effervescence is not a precise indicator but a relative index of the amount of carbonates in the soil matrix. The presence of Ca+2 promotes clay flocculation. Besides these pedogenic implications, carbonate minerals play an important role in soil management (Doner and Lynn, 1989).

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