Sustainability Radical resource productivity Whole system design Biomimicry Green chemistry

1. Sustainability Radical resource productivity Whole system design Biomimicry Green chemistry Industrial ecology Renewable energy Green nanotechnology

2. Green Chemistry (Sustainable Chemistry) design of chemical products and processes that reduce or eliminate the use and generation of hazardous substances. Source: Anastas, P. T & Warner, J. C. Green Chemistry: Theory and Practice

3. Green Chemistry (Sustainable Chemistry) 12 Principles of Green Chemistry: Source: Anastas, P. T & Warner, J. C. Green Chemistry: Theory and Practice

4. Green Chemistry (Sustainable Chemistry) 12 Principles of Green Chemistry (continued): Source: Anastas, P. T & Warner, J. C. Green Chemistry: Theory and Practice

5. Green Chemistry (Sustainable Chemistry) Products of Green Chemistry: Bioplastics. Plastics made from plants, including corn, potatoes or other agricultural products, even agricultural waste. Products already available are forks, knives and spoons made from potato starch and biodegradable packaging made from corn.

6. Green Engineering 9 Principles of Green Engineering: Source: EPA 2006, What is Green Engineering?

7. Green Engineering 9 Principles of Green Engineering (continued): Source: EPA 2006, What is Green Engineering?

8. Earth Systems Engineering A multidisciplinary (engineering, science, social science, and governance) process of solution development that takes a holistic view of natural and human system interactions is known as Earth Systems Engineering. - US National Academy for Engineering

9. Earth Systems Engineering Earth System Engineering emphasizes five main characteristics that apply to all branches of engineering

10. Earth Systems Engineering Characteristic 1: Our ability to cause planetary change through technology is growing faster than our ability to understand and manage the technical, social, economic, environmental, and ethical consequences of such change. Since modern engineering systems have the power to significantly affect the environment far into the future, many engineering decisions cannot be made independently of the surrounding natural and human-made systems. http://www.naturaledgeproject.net/ESSPCLP-Intro_to_SD-PreliminariesKeynote1.aspx

11. Earth Systems Engineering Characteristic 2: The traditional approach that engineering is only a process to devise and implement a chosen solution amid several purely technical options must be challenged. A more holistic approach to engineering requires an understanding of interactions between engineered and non-engineered systems, inclusion of non-technical issues, and a system approach (rather than a Cartesian approach) to simulate and comprehend such interactions. http://www.naturaledgeproject.net/ESSPCLP-Intro_to_SD-PreliminariesKeynote1.aspx

12. Earth Systems Engineering Characteristic 3: The quality of engineering decisions in society directly affects the quality of life of human and natural systems today and in the future. http://www.naturaledgeproject.net/ESSPCLP-Intro_to_SD-PreliminariesKeynote1.aspx

13. Earth Systems Engineering Characteristic 4: There is a need for a new educational approach that will give engineering students a broader perspective beyond technical issues and an exposure to the principles of sustainable development, renewable resources management, and systems thinking. This does not mean that existing engineering curricula need to be changed in their entirety. Rather, new holistic components need to be integrated, emphasizing more of a system approach to engineering education. http://www.naturaledgeproject.net/ESSPCLP-Intro_to_SD-PreliminariesKeynote1.aspx

14. Earth Systems Engineering Characteristic 5: Multi-disciplinary research is needed to create new quantitative tools and methods to better manage non-natural systems so that such systems have a longer life cycle and are less disruptive to natural systems in general. http://www.naturaledgeproject.net/ESSPCLP-Intro_to_SD-PreliminariesKeynote1.aspx

15. [engineers should] strive to accomplish the beneficial objectives of their work with the lowest possible consumption of raw materials and energy and the lowest production of wastes and any kind of pollution. - 2001 Model Code of Ethics The World Federation of Engineering Organisations

16. Computer chip’s life-cycle: Silicon mining and purification: Source: http://www.enviroliteracy.org/subcategory.php/334.html

17. Computer chip’s life-cycle: Manufacturing crystal wafer from purified silicon: Only about 43% of the pure silicon crystal used in the process becomes part of the chip. Source: http://www.enviroliteracy.org/subcategory.php/334.html

18. Computer chip’s life-cycle: Etching circuits on the silicon wafer, cleaning the etched wafer, and placing transistors and other circuits on the chips: The extremely toxic arsenic gas AsH3 plays an important role in microchip production. Source: http://www.enviroliteracy.org/subcategory.php/334.html

19. Computer chip’s life-cycle: Eric D. Williams, Robert U. Ayres, and Miriam Heller, The 1.7 Kilogram Microchip:  Energy and Material Use in the Production of Semiconductor Devices. Environmental Science & Technology (a peer-reviewed journal of the American Chemical Society), 2002, 36 (24), pp 5504–5510

20. Computer chip’s life-cycle: Wafer fabrication process Acids Bases Other chemicals Fabricated wafer: Elemental gases (N2,He,Ar,H2,O2) Wastewater: 17 kg Silicon wafer: 1 cm2 = 0.16 g Solid waste: 7.8 kg Electricity: 1.5 kWh Direct fossil fuels: 1 MJ Gaseous emissions: Water: 20 litres

21. Computer chip’s life-cycle:

22. Computer chip’s life-cycle: One 32 MB RAM microchip (weight = 2 gram) 1.6 kg of fossil fuels 72 g of chemicals such as Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) 700 g of elemental gases (mainly nitrogen) 32 kg of water

23. Sustainability Radical resource productivity Whole system design Biomimicry Green chemistry Industrial ecology Renewable energy Green nanotechnology

24. Industrial Ecology: • No waste • Energy efficiently utilized • No materials beyond those required to start the system • Complete recycling within the system Source: S. Manahan, Industrial Ecology, 1999

25. Industrial Ecology: "One of the most important concepts of industrial ecology is that, like the biological system, it rejects the concept of waste." Source: T. Graedel and B. Allenby, Industrial Ecology, 1995

26. Industrial Ecology: Let us take a look at a functional industrial ecosystem

27. The Guitang Group, beyond sugar refining in China Sugar Sugar refinery Sugar cane Source: Zhu and Cˆot´e 2004, 1028.

28. The Guitang Group, beyond sugar refining in China Sugar Molasses Sugar refinery Filter sludge Sugar cane Bagasse Source: Zhu and Cˆot´e 2004, 1028.

29. The Guitang Group, beyond sugar refining in China Sugar Alcohol Alcohol residue Molasses Alcohol plant Sugar refinery Filter sludge Sugar cane Bagasse Source: Zhu and Cˆot´e 2004, 1028.

30. The Guitang Group, beyond sugar refining in China Sugar Alcohol Compound Fertilizer Sugar cane farm Alcohol residue Molasses Fertilizer plant Alcohol plant Sugar refinery Filter sludge Sugar cane Bagasse Source: Zhu and Cˆot´e 2004, 1028.

31. The Guitang Group, beyond sugar refining in China Sugar Alcohol Compound Fertilizer Sugar cane farm Alcohol residue Molasses Fertilizer plant Alcohol plant Sugar refinery Filter sludge Sugar cane Black liquor Pulp plant Bagasse Paper mill Wastewater Pulp Paper Source: Zhu and Cˆot´e 2004, 1028.

32. The Guitang Group, beyond sugar refining in China Sugar Alcohol Compound Fertilizer Sugar cane farm Alcohol residue Molasses Fertilizer plant Alcohol plant Sugar refinery Filter sludge Sugar cane Black liquor NaOH recovery NaOH Pulp plant Bagasse Paper mill Wastewater Pulp Paper Source: Zhu and Cˆot´e 2004, 1028.

33. The Guitang Group, beyond sugar refining in China Sugar Alcohol Compound Fertilizer Sugar cane farm Alcohol residue Molasses Fertilizer plant Alcohol plant Sugar refinery Filter sludge Sugar cane Black liquor White sludge NaOH recovery NaOH Pulp plant Bagasse Paper mill Wastewater Pulp Paper Source: Zhu and Cˆot´e 2004, 1028.

34. The Guitang Group, beyond sugar refining in China Sugar Alcohol Compound Fertilizer Sugar cane farm Alcohol residue Molasses Fertilizer plant Alcohol plant Cement mill Sugar refinery Filter sludge Cement Sugar cane Black liquor White sludge NaOH recovery NaOH Pulp plant Bagasse Paper mill Wastewater Pulp Paper Source: Zhu and Cˆot´e 2004, 1028.

35. The Guitang Group, beyond sugar refining in China Sugar Alcohol Compound Fertilizer Sugar cane farm Alcohol residue Molasses Fertilizer plant Alcohol plant Cement mill Sugar refinery Filter sludge Cement Sugar cane Black liquor White sludge NaOH recovery NaOH Pulp plant Bagasse Paper mill Wastewater Pulp Paper Source: Zhu and Cˆot´e 2004, 1028.

36. The Guitang Group, beyond sugar refining in China Sugar Alcohol Compound Fertilizer Industrial Ecology (or Industrial Symbiosis) Sugar cane farm Alcohol residue Molasses Fertilizer plant Alcohol plant Cement mill Sugar refinery Filter sludge Cement Sugar cane Black liquor White sludge NaOH recovery NaOH Pulp plant Bagasse Paper mill Wastewater Pulp Paper Source: Zhu and Cˆot´e 2004, 1028.

37. The Guitang Group, beyond sugar refining in China • - This industrial symbiosis took 40 years to develop. • - It has been spontaneously developed first through internal investments, and then through cooperation with partners in the regions. • Developing by-product exchanges is beneficial in many ways (reduced emissions, reduced disposal costs and revenue from by-product utilization). • Improving environmental standards (ISO9001 certification in 1998) • - However, it is counter to traditional business trends such as focusing on their core competence and avoiding development of “distracting” profit centers. Source: Q. Zhu, E.A. Lowe, Y. Wei, and D. Barnes, 2007. Industrial Symbiosis in China: A Case Study of the Guitang Group. J. of Industrial Ecology 11(1): 31-42

38. Industrial Symbiosis at Kalundborg, Denmark go to the presentation on The Industrial Symbiosis at Kalundborg, Denmark by Jørgen Christensen Consultant to the Symbiosis Institute http://continuing-education.epfl.ch/webdav/site/continuing-education/ shared/Industrial%20Ecology/Presentations/11%20Christensen.pdf

39. Obstacles faced in realising Industrial Ecology (Symbiosis): • Interdependence • Regulatory • Competition upheld as a positive virtue • ……………

40. Symbiotic interactions between organisms: Mutualism: both populations benefit and neither can survive without the other Protocooperation: both populations benefit but the relationship is not obligatory Commensalism: one population benefits and the other is not affected Amensalism - one is inhibited and the other is not affected Competition – one’s fitness is lowered by the presence of the other Parasitism– one is inhibited and for the other its obligatory

41. Conditions Favorable for Eco-Industrial Development: • Regulations that penalize waste and provide firms’ incentives to seek symbiotic relationships with other firms Source: Mary Schlarb, Eco-Industrial Development: A Strategy for Building Sustainable Communities, 2001

42. Conditions Favorable for Eco-Industrial Development: • Regulations that penalize waste and provide firms’ incentives to seek symbiotic relationships with other firms • Supply of by-products must meet demand (and vice versa) • Form relationships based on connections or institutional framework to reduce transaction costs • Proximity to compatible firms with stable supply and quality of byproducts Source: Mary Schlarb, Eco-Industrial Development: A Strategy for Building Sustainable Communities, 2001

43. Eco-Industrial Development Strategies • Industrial Clustering • Resource Recovery, Pollution Prevention, and Cleaner Production • Integration into Natural Ecosystems • Green Design • Life Cycle Assessment • Deconstruction and De-manufacturing • Environmental Management Systems • Technological Innovation & Continuous Environmental Improvement • Job Training • Public Participation and Collaboration Source: Mary Schlarb, Eco-Industrial Development: A Strategy for Building Sustainable Communities, 2001

44. Resource Recovery, Pollution Prevention, and Cleaner Production

45. Green Design

46. raw material extracting & processing manufacturing recycling end-of-life repair & reuse packaging & distribution product use Green Design cradle-to-grave design paradigm Source: http://www.environment.gov.au/settlements/industry/finance/ publications/producer.html

47. raw material extracting & processing manufacturing recycle end-of-life repair & reuse packaging & distribution product use Green Design cradle-to-grave design paradigm cradle-to-cradle design paradigm Source: http://www.environment.gov.au/settlements/industry/finance/ publications/producer.html

48. Green Design

49. Green Design

50. “We cannot solve our problems with the same ways of thinking that produced them.” Albert Einstein