Age and Social Identity: The Subtle and Brutal Nature of Age Discrimination Dominic Abrams

1. Age and Social Identity: • The Subtle and Brutal Nature of Age Discrimination • Dominic Abrams • Director, Centre for the Study of Group Processes • Department of Psychology • University of Kent National Institute of Economic and Social Research Conference ‘Tackling Age Discrimination in Britain: The Employment (Age) Equality Regulations and Beyond’. The British Academy, London, September 29th 2006

2. Overview • An evidence-based framework for understanding the social bases of age discrimination • General ageist stereotypes and their implications • Evidence from Age Concern England’s research on ageism and intergenerational contact • Intergenerational solutions - experimental evidence on counteracting ageist stereotypes • Social and Practical Implications • More to think about….

3. The Problem • Age is an aspect of everyone’s identity • Ageism may be: non-conscious, implicit, and even seem ‘benevolent’ • Ageism is under-researched compared with other types of prejudice • Relatively little work on the causes and underpinnings of ageism – the processes • Difficult to group people by age – key issue is relationships across age boundaries

4. Some Social Psychological Evidence-based Theory • Group Perception Theory – several factors increase the sense that people are bound together as a group, but may also increase stereotyping • Social Identity Theory – group-based identity provides distinctiveness meaning and value for the self-concept, as well as a potential source of bias and hostility • Intergroup Contact Theory – friendship-based contact between individuals across group boundaries increases trust, mutual disclosure, and positive attitudes to the other group as a whole • Common Ingroup Identity – greatly improved intergroup relationships when people can find a basis for shared identity across groups

5. The Consequences of Stereotypes Observation Others Self Confirmation Category-Based Stereotype Inference

6. Example: • A person prangs the car • Is the person 17 or 70? • Apply stereotype >> Infer cause • Older >> Incompetent >> Doddery Driver • Younger >> Impetuous >> Inexperienced Driver • Apply remedy • Older >>> Remove driving license for ever • Younger >>> Fine, more lessons

7. ACE National Surveys of Ageism • September/October 2004, 1843 respondents • Examine the links between elements of ageism in society • Questions relating to the “under 30’s” and “over 70’s” • Among issues examined: • Age categorization • Stereotypes • Positive intergenerational contact Summary report ‘How Ageist is Britain?’ available on www.ageconcern.org.uk • New Survey, August 2006, 2113 respondents

8. Age Categorisation At what age do you think old age starts? At what age do you think people stop being young?

9. Prevalence of discrimination in Britain • In the past year how often has someone treated you unfairly because of your: • Gender • Age • Religion • Race or ethnic background • Any disability • Sexual orientation Tackling Age Discrimination Beyond the Workplace

10. Stereotyping older people To what extent are people over 70 viewed: With admiration With pity With envy With disgust As friendly As capable As intelligent As moral?

11. Key traits: Differences in ‘warmth’ and ‘competence’ stereotypes between older and younger people Older People are “Doddery (but Dear)”

12. Summary so far.. • Age begins 15 years after the end of youth • Experience of ageism is more prevalent than of all other forms of prejudice • Older people are stereotyped as ‘warm’ but ‘incompetent’ – benevolent prejudice • Intergenerational contact is restricted by age • What might be the consequences?

13. Stereotype Threat • Stereotypes create disadvantage • the ‘burden of suspicion’ that a negative stereotype about one’s group’s abilities may be confirmed • E.g. women worse at maths, Black students worse (than white) at maths, Asian students better at maths, gay men a ‘risk to children’. • Older people less competent?

14. When reminded of negative stereotypes of older people, their cognitive performance gets worse (e.g. Levy, 1996). • When told that younger people have better memories, older people’s memory performance gets worse (Hess, Auman, Colcombe & Rahal, 2003).

15. Can Group-Based Stereotype Threat Be Reduced? • Closer contact between generations may reduce the psychological distance between ‘old’ and ‘young’. • In turn this may weaken the expected stereotypes and so reduce stereotype threat

16. Looking ahead: Contact with the over 70's and beliefs about their declining competence Inter-generational Relationships

17. Looking back: Intergenerational Contact and Self-Stereotypes Among the Over 70s Evidence from the ACE 2004 Survey 70+ (n=278)

18. Experimental Evidence: Test of Cognitive Ability • Experiment 1: Does intergenerational friendship ward off stereotypes? (Abrams, Eller, Bryant, Psychology and Aging, in press) • 97 participants over the age of 59 • “see whether old people do perform more poorly on intellectual tasks than young people” (threat). • Vs • “see how people differ in their responses on different tasks” (no threat).

19. Measures • Various types of positive intergenerational contact • Performance • Anxiety • Intergenerational attitudes

20. Effect of Stereotype Threat and Intergenerational Contact on Cognitive Performance

21. Anxiety During Performance

22. How Intergenerational Contact Prevents Stereotype Threat Effects Low Positive Contact High Anxiety Under Performance Threat Low Anxiety True Performance High Positive Contact

23. Intergenerational Contact, Stereotype Threat and Intergenerational Attitudes Tackling Age Discrimination Beyond the Workplace

24. For Older People, • Positive Intergenerational Contact is Associated with: • Reduced Negative Self-Stereotypes • Reduced Negative Intergenerational Bias • Reduced Threat-related Test Anxiety • Improved Performance on Cognitive Tests

25. Caveats • Era and culture differences in respect • Conflictual integenerational relationships • Contact but no relationship • Segregation is ‘good for mental well being’ • What about discrimination against younger people?

26. Conclusions for Research, Policy & Practice • Prejudice and stereotypes are often embedded in relationships • Ageism is a dynamic form of intercategory prejudice affecting young and old in different ways • Effective policy depends on researching and understanding factors that elevate and reduce prejudice • Increasing positive cross-group relationships can create substantial direct and indirect benefits for all individuals • Increasing intergenerational relationships, reducing exclusion isolation and segregation,will have positive economic and societal consequences

27. Acknowledgements • Leslie Sopp Age Concern Research Services • Sujata Ray and Andrew Harrop ACE • Tendayi Viki, Anat Bardi, Georgina Randsley de Moura • Centre for the Study of Group Processes, University of Kent