Osteoporosis in Men: Definition, Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, Management

2. osteoporosis In men H.Delshad M.D Endocrinologist Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences ShahidBeheshti University of Medical Sciences

3. Osteoporosis in Men • Disease definition • Epidemiology • Burden • Pathophysiology • Diagnosis • Management Agenda :

4. Definition • Low bone mass • Microarchitectural deterioration • Susceptibility to fracture

5. Epidemiology • Osteoporosis affects women more often than men • Osteoporosis affects a significant number of men,often goes undetected. • 20% of the 44 million Americans with osteoporosis or low BMD, are men( NHANES-III). • Between 30-40% of osteoporotic Fx occur in men. • The lifetime risk of Fx for men aged> 50 is 13-30% . • By the age 90, one of every 6 men will have a hip Fx.

6. Annual fracture rate in men and women Average annual fracture incidence rate per 10,000 men and women in UK The rate begins to increase in women after age 44 years as they enter menopause and in men after age 74 years.

7. Epidemiology • The incidence of osteoporotic Fx in men: - Highest rates in Northern Europe & North America - Lowest rates in Black & Asian • Ratio of hip Fx between women and men: - Caucasians = 3-4/1 - Asia = 1 / 1 • In Iranian population: 5-20%

8. Osteoporosis : Burden • The most common bone disease in humans. • Is a risk factor for Fx just as HTN is for stroke. • Osteoporosis can exist undetected for a long time. • It is a preventable and treatable disease. • Cost : $21,000 /hip Fx • Cost of treating hip Fx worldwide in 2050 will be $31.5 billion

9. Pathophysiology: Peak bone mass • Peak spine BMD is generally reached by age 18 -20 in males. • Peak trabecular & hip BMD are reached several years later. • BMD may begin to decline in men as early as 30-40 years, about 0.5 – 1% annually.

10. Peak Bone Mass Determinants • Genetics :account for 60% of the variance in bone mass, so far 80 genetic loci have been identified that influence peak bone mass. • Ethnic variation : African Americans have highest BMD & Asian Americans have lower BMD than whites. • Environmental factors: Physical activity, Poor growth, Delayed maturation, Muscle deficits, Chronic inflammations, Glucocorticoids • Old age : the balance between bone formation and resorptione becomes progressively negative with advancing age.

11. Bone Remodeling • Is the process of renewing bone by breaking down old bone, and forming new bone. • Puberty is characterized by rapid gain in bone • This gain continues until the peak bone is reached, at age 20 – 30 years.

12. Bone Remodeling In women: ● After peak bone mass, the bone remodeling process is in a state of equilibrium until menopause. ● Low estrogen Rapid bone loss 2 – 3 % per year in the spine for 6-8 years then 0.5 % per year In men: ● Bone gain accelerates during adolescence and peak bone mass is reached a little later. ● There is no period of dramatic & accelerated bone loss. ● There is a steady decline of bone mass .

13. Conclusions ●Men,s bones are larger and the cortices is thicker (Androgen dependent) ● Greater muscle strength and physical activity are associated with greater bone mass in men. ● In general , clear differences in the bone structure of men and women protect men from osteoporosis. ● Most men develop secondary osteoporosis.

14. Sex steroids • Sex steroids play an important role in both peak bone mass acquisition and age related bone loss. • Numerous epidemiologic studies have examined association between gonadal steroids and BMD or Fx. • These studies suggest that E2 and Androgens play important roles in establishing and maintaining bone mass in men.

15. Hypogonadismeand risk of bone Fx. n=235 men with prostate cancer n=59 orchietomy n=176 Without orchiectomy 1% developed Osteoporotic Fx. All developed Osteoporotic Fx. Daniell HW, Et al. J Uro 1997; 157:439

16. Role of sex-steroid deficiency in men • Men do not have the equivalent of menopause • Total T levels do decline with aging. • More important, the free T and E2 declines markedly with aging in men. In a population based study 350 men, 20 – 90 years Bioavailable T decreased over life by 64% Bioavailable E2 decreased over life by 47% SHBG rose over life by 124% Khosla S, et al. J ClinEndocrinolMetab 1998 ;83:2266-2274

17. Sex Hormone Effects on Bone in Men Higher serum E2 are associated with higher bone density in men • Boston Area Community Health Bone Survey (BACH/Bone): - A cross-sectional study of skeletal health in 1209 men , 30 – 79 years - In this study Femoral neck and total Hip BMD were associated with total and free E2 ( Before and after multivariate adjustment) Araujo AB, et al. JCEM 2008;93:2138

18. Sex Hormone Effects on Bone in Men • Osteoporosis Fractures in MEN Study (MrOS): - A cross-sectional and longitudinal study of 2447 men>65 years - The prevalence of Hip osteoporosis increased progressively as E2 level fell. Fink HA, et al. Association of testosterone and estradiol deficiency with osteoporosis and rapid bone loss in older men. J ClinEndocrinolMetab 2006; 91:3908.

19. Prevalence of hip osteoporosis (red bars) and incidence of rapid hip bone loss (>3 percent/year, blue bars) in relation to total testosterone, bioavailable testosterone, total estradiol, and bioavailableestradiol levels in men age 65 or older.

20. Sex Hormone Effects on Bone in Men Amin S, et al. Estradiol, testosterone, and the risk for hip fractures in elderly men from the Framingham Study. The American journal of medicine 2006, 119:426-433 n= 793 men ,mean age 71 years Evaluated between 1981 and 1983 Were followed the end of 1999 Middle E2 group 18.2- 34.2 pg/ml High E2 group > 34.3 pg/ml Low E2 group 2.0- 18.1 pg/ml Incidence rates for hip Fx. ( per 1000 person/year) 11.0 3.4 3.9

21. Sex Hormone Effects on Bone in Men ● After adjustment for age, BMI, height and smoking status, HR relative to the high E2 group were : - For low E2 group : 3.1 ( 95%CI= 1.4 – 6.9) - For middle E2 group : 0.9 (95% CI= 0.4 – 2.0) ● In this study the threshold E2 level was 18.0 pg/ml, below which Fx. risk increased in the men. ● In similar adjusted analysis ,the investigators found no significant increased risk for hip Fx. associated with low Testosterone. Amin et al. Framinham Study :

22. Role of sex-steroid deficiency in men Mellstrom et al. Osteoporotic Fracture in Men (MrOS) n= 2,639 men, mean age 75 years From the Swedish arm of MrOS Mean follow-up = 3.3 years • Free E2 was inversely associated with : • Vertebral Fx. (HR/SD decrease, 1.57 , 95% CI= 1.36-1.88) • NonvertebralFx. (HR/SD decrease, 1.42, 95%CI= 1.23 – 1.65) • Hip Fx. (HR/SD decrease, 1.44, 95%CI= 1.18 – 1.76) The yearly incidence of Fx. was inversely associated with serum E2 levels < 16 pg/ml

23. Leblanc ES, et al. Theeffects of serum testosterone, estradiol, and sex hormone binding globulin levels on fracture risk in older men. J ClinEndocrinolMetab 2009, 94:3337-3346 US cohort of MrOS n=5995 men> 657 Men with lowest E2 < 11.4 pg/ml or Highest SHBG> 59.1nm Had greater risk of all Non-vertebral fractures Men with the lowest T Had no increased Fx. risk Men with the lowest T and high SHBG Did had increased Fx. risk The highst risk of Fx, was in men with low FE2, low T, and high SMBG

24. Sex Hormone Effects on Bone in Men ● Serum testosterone decreases with age. ● Some cross-sectional studies have failed to detect an association between serum T and bone density. ● In BACH/Bone study: BMD at various sites did not correlated with Testosterone. ● In MrOS : The prevalence of osteoporosis in the Hip was threefold higher in men with T< 200 compared with T> 200 ng/dl. Testosterone

25. Sex Hormone Effects on Bone in Men ● It is uncertain how much of the osteoporosis in older men results from aging as opposed to sex steroid deficiency. ● Of the hormonal component how much is due to true E2 Vs androgen deficiency. ● E2 has a key role in determining Fx. Risk in aging men. ● Testosterone may also contribute to Fx. Risk, particularly in the setting of high SHBG. ● It is probable a significant component of the Testosterone effect or risk of Fx. Is mediated by non-skeletal effects. • Conclusion:

26. Osteoporosis: Diagnosis Osteoporosis: • Clinically asymptomatic • Until there is a fracture • Many Ver. Fxs.: asymptomatic • May be diagnosed incidentally in X-Rays • Pain and height loss

27. Osteoporosis: Diagnosis • Based upon the similar relationship between BMD and fracture in men and women , the WHO recommends using the same classification of BMD to define osteoporosis in men (age 50 and older) as in women.

28. Osteoporosis : BMD ►Diagnosis of Osteopenia or Osteoporosis ►Fracture risk prediction ►Identification of individuals for treatment ►Serial assessment of bone mass

29. Which Skeletal Sites Should Be Measured?

30. WHO Definition of Osteoporosis Based on BMD

31. BMD testing should be performed:

32. Vertebral imaging should be performed:

33. Consider the following diagnostic studies for secondary osteoporosis

34. Osteoporosis Treatment

35. General Principles: • Obtain a detailed patient history pertaining to clinical risk factors for osteoporosis-related fractures and falls •Perform physical examination and obtain diagnostic studies to evaluate for signs of osteoporosis and its secondary causes • Modify diet/supplements and other clinical risk factors for fracture •Estimate patient’s 10-year probability of hip and any major osteoporosis- related fracture using the U.S.-adapted FRAX • Decisions on whom to treat and how to treat should be based on clinical judgment using this Guide and all available clinical information

36. Identifying those at high risk All postmenopausal women and men over 50 years of age should be assessed for the presence of risk factors for osteoporosis.

37. Risk Factors For Low Bone Mass- Related Fractures In Men: Matthew T. Drake, et al. J ClinEndocrinolMetab201297: 1861–1870 A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis 55 studies (Cohort, Case-control, RCT ) 1950 -2010. reported a relative risk measure (such as relative risk, odds ratio, or hazard ratio) for bone loss or low BMD-related fractures in adult males.

38. Results Significant associations were identified for: ►Increasing age, ►Low BMI, ►Excessive alcohol intake, ►Current smoking, ►Chronic corticosteroid use, ►Hxof prior fractures, ►Hxof falls within the past year, ►Hypogonadism, ►Hx of cerebrovascular accident, ►Hxof diabetes. Most of the associations in this mete-analysis were weak (odds ratios <2), and the level of evidence was low.

39. NOF 2010 Risk factors of male OP & broken bones: ♦Age 70 or older ♦Family history of osteoporosis or broken bones ♦Age 50 or older and have broken any bones or lost an inch or more in height ♦Certain medicines or have certain medical conditions that can cause bone loss

41. Treatment Recommendations ►In those with hip or vertebral fractures. ►In those with T-score < - 2.5 (Osteoporosis) ►In men age 50 and older with Osteopenia and a 10-year hip Fx. probability > 3% or a 10-year major osteoporosis-related Fx. probability>20% ( based on FRAX)

42. Treatment Recommendations ► Men who are receiving long-term glucocorticoid therapy in pharmacological doses. ►Men with prostate cancer receiving ADT who have a high risk of fracture

43. Universal Treatment Strategies • Fall prevention • Smoking cessation • Hip protectors • Weight-bearing exercise • Diet : - Calcium:1000–1200 mg/day - Vitamin D

45. Selection of therapeutic agent Individualized based on: • Fracture history, • Severity of osteoporosis (T-scores), • The risk for hip fracture, • Patterns of BMD [i.e. whether BMD is worse at sites where cortical bone (e.g. 1/3 radius) or trabecular bone (e.g. spine) predominates], • Comorbid conditions(peptic ulcer disease, gastro esophageal reflux, mal absorption syndromes, malignancy, etc.), • Cost, and other factors.

46. Selection of therapeutic agent • In men with a recent hip fracture: Zoledronicacid. • Teriparatide : without anti-resorptive therapy. • Agents, not approved: Calcitonin, Ibandronate, Strontium ranelate, should be used only if the approved agents for male osteoporosis can not be administered.

47. The evidence for efficacy of osteoporosis treatment in men with primary osteoporosis: A systematic review and meta- analysis of Antiresorptive and Anabolic treatment in men Peter Schwarz, et al. Journal of Osteoporosis, 2011

48. Study characteristics: Seven RCT (1945-2010) on clinical efficacy of : • Antiresorptive (at least 12 months duration ) • Anabolic (at least 6 months duration ) in the reduction of fracture risk in elderly and old men with primary Osteoporosis.

49. Baseline characteristics of included studies