Container Types Sequence Containers Associative Containers Adapter Classes Stack Container

1. Containers Overview and Class Vector • Container Types • Sequence Containers • Associative Containers • Adapter Classes • Stack Container • Queue Container • Priority Queue Container • Set Container • Map Container • C++ Arrays • Vectors • Templated Insertion Sort • Template Classes • Store Class

2. STL • C++ STL provides 10 container classes • 4 additional types considered “near-containers” • array • string • bitset • valarray • Extensions to Standard • slist • rope – huge strings • unordered_set, unordered_map, unordered_multiset, unordered_multimap

3. Container Categories

4. Sequence Containers A sequence container stores data by position in linear order 1st element, 2nd element, and so forth

5. Associative Containers • Associative containers store elements by key • Ex: name, SS #, or part number • A program accesses an element in an associative container by its key • May bear no relationship to the location of the element in the container • Access by key O(lg N) • Implementation?

6. Adapter Classes • Use a sequence container as underlying storage structure • E.g. Stack and Queue use Deque • Design Pattern: Adapter • Adapter’s interface provides a restricted set of operations from underlying storage structure • How is stack restricted? • queue?

7. C C top B B B B top top top A A A A A top Push A Push B Push C Pop C Pop B (a) (b) Stack Containers A stack allows access at only one end of sequence, called the top.

8. B C D E A B C D E A Insert Delete back front Queue Containers A queue is a container that allows access only at front and back

9. Priority Queue Containers priority queue -- HPFO Push elements in any order -- pop operation removes the largest (or smallest) value

10. Set Containers A set is a collection of unique values, called keys or set members.

11. Map Containers A map is a storage structure that implements a key-value relationship.

12. C++ Arrays Fixed-size collection – homogenous Stores the n (size) elements in contiguous block

13. Evaluating an Array as a Container • Size is fixed at the time of its declaration • Does an array know its size? • C++ arrays do not allow the assignment of one array to another • Requires loop structure with the array size as an upper bound • *or* what algorithm?

14. Vectors

15. CLASS vector <vector> Constructors vector (); Create an empty vector. Default. vector (size_type n, const T& value = T ()); Create a vector with n elements equal to “value”. If the value argument is omitted, the elements are filled with the default value for type T. Type T must have a default constructor, and the default value of type T is specified by the notation T ().

16. CLASS vector <vector> Constructors vector (InputIter first, InputIter last); Initialize the vector using the range [first, last). first and last are input iterators (can be read).

17. CLASS vector <vector> Operations T& back (); Return the value of the item at the rear of the vector. Precondition: The vector must contain at least one element. const T& back () const; Constant version of back(). bool empty () const; Return true if the vector is empty and false otherwise.

18. CLASS vector <vector> Operations T& operator[ ] (size_type i); Allow the vector element at index i to be retrieved or modified. Precondition: The index, i, must be in the range 0  i < n, where n is the number of elements in the vector. Postcondition: If the operator appears on the left side of an assignment statement, the expression on the right side modifies the element referenced by the index. const T& operator[ ] (size_type i) const; Constant version of the index operator.

19. CLASS vector <vector> Operations void push_back (const T& value); Add a value at the rear of the vector. Postcondition: The vector has a new element at the rear and its size increases by 1. void pop_back (); Remove the item at the rear of the vector. Precondition: The vector is not empty. Postcondition: The vector has a new element at the rear or is empty.

20. iterator erase (iterator pos); Erase the element pointed to by pos. Precondition: The vector is not empty. Postcondition: The vector has one fewer element. CLASS vector <vector> Operations iterator erase (iterator first, iterator last); Erase all elements within the iterator range [first, last). Precondition: The vector is not empty. Postcondition: The size decreases by the number of elements in the range. Both invalidate iterators beyond range erased.

21. CLASS vector <vector> Operations iterator insert (iterator pos, const T& value); Insert value before pos, and return an iterator pointing to the position of the new value in the vector. The operation invalidates any existing iterators beyond pos. Postcondition: The list has a new element.

22. CLASS vector <vector> Operations void resize (size_type n, const T& fill = T()); Modify the size of the vector. If the size is increased, the value fill is added to the elements on the tail of the vector. If the size is decreased, the original values at the front are retained. Postcondition: The vector has size n. void reserve (size_type n); Only will increase capacity. Postcondition: capacity () >= n size_type size () const; Return the number of elements in the vector.

23. Output with Vectors template <typename T> void writeVector (const vector<T>& v) { // capture the size of the vector in n size_t i, n = v.size (); for (i = 0; i < n; ++i) cout << v[i] << " "; cout << endl; }

24. Declaring Vector Objects // vector of size 5 containing the integer // value 2 vector<int> intVector (5, 2); // vector of size 10; each element // contains the empty string vector<string> strVector (10);

25. v.size () == 5 v.size () == 4 12 -5 8 14 12 -5 8 14 10 0 3 2 0 1 2 4 1 3 Before After v.push_back (10) v.size () == 2 v.size () == 1 4.6 6.8 4.6 0 1 0 After v.pop_back () Before Adding and Removing Vector Elements

26. Resizing a Vector int arr[5] = {7, 4, 9, 3, 1}; vector<int> v (arr, arr + 5); // v initially has 5 integers v.resize (10);// size is doubled v.resize (4); // vector contracted; data // is lost

27. Insertion Sort • Can use with vector’s or arrays • Count comparisons • Best-case run time? • T(N) = N - 1 = O(N) • Worst-case?

28. Insertion Sort Algorithm // sort a vector of type T using insertion // sort template <typename T> void insertionSort (vector<T>& v) { // Place v[i] into the sublist v[0] ... // v[i-1], 1 <= i < n, so it is in the // correct position size_t n = v.size ();

29. Insertion Sort Algorithm for (size_t i = 1; i < n; ++i) { // Index j scans down list from v[i] // looking for correct position to // locate target. Assigns it to v[j] size_t j = i; T temp = v[i]; // Locate insertion point by scanning // downward as long as temp < v[j-1] // and we have not encountered the // beginning of the list

30. Insertion Sort Algorithm while (j > 0 && temp < v[j-1]) { // Shift elements up list to make // room for insertion v[j] = v[j-1]; --j; } // Location is found; insert temp v[j] = temp; } }

31. Class Templates • Can templatize classes as well as functions • All container classes in STL are templates • Syntax template <typename T1, typename T2, … > class ClassName { … } • Concrete Store <T> template example

32. Class Template Store template <typename T> class Store { public: // Ctor: init w/item or default T Store (const T& item = T()) : m_value (item) { }   T getValue () const { return m_value; }

33. Class Template Store (Cont’d) void setValue (const T& item) { m_value = item; } private: T m_value; }; Use: Store<double> s; s.setValue (4.3);