Chapter 9

1. Chapter 9 C H A P T E R 9 Sport in Northeast Asia Yong Jae Ko, PhD; Di Xie, PhD; and Kazuhiko Kimura, MS

2. Chapter Objectives • Define Northeast Asia as an economic and geophysical continent • Be familiar with the sport governance systems in China, Japan, and South Korea • Compare and contrast the approaches taken by China, Japan, and South Korea in governing their respected sport systems (continued)

3. Chapter Objectives (continued) • Identify the major legislations enacted by nations, particularly China, Japan, and South Korea, for sport development • Understand the arms race among China, Japan, and South Korea in Olympic sports • Identify major international and continental sport events held in Northeast Asia

4. Northeast Asia

5. Geography and Backgroundof Northeast Asia • No commonly accepted geographical definition. See Kim (2004) and UNEP (2004). • Highest population of all the subregions with 1.48 billion people (UNEP, 2004, p. 9). • This chapter focuses on the three biggest sport nations in the region in Asia—China, Japan, and South Korea. • Countries rising in economic power.

6. Medal Count of China,Japan, and South Korea,Olympics, 1976–2008

7. Combined Medal Count ofthe Big Three as a Percentage of All Asian Nations

8. Sport in China • The portion of the Chinese population that participates in sport is less than 30 percent. • A national games is held every four years. • The GDSP of the Chinese sport industry was around US$13 billion in 2004, approximately 0.7 percent of China’s GDP. • Martial arts and table tennis but also football, basketball, badminton, Chinese chess.

9. Sport in Japan • National Sports Festivals (winter, summer, and autumn) are held each year. • The Emperor’s Trophy is awarded to the prefecture that earns the most points in the competition. • Japanese gross domestic sport product (GDSP) was about US$100 billion in 2001, accounting for approximately 2 percent of Japan’s GDP (Kimura, 2007).

10. Most Popular Physical Activitiesin Japan • Leisurely walking (30.8 percent) • Fitness walking (22.4 percent) • Calisthenics, light exercises (17.5 percent) • Bowling (15.1 percent) • Weight training (11.1 percent) • Swimming (9.0 percent) • Bathing in the sea (8.9 percent)

11. Japanese Sport Industry Model See figure 9.3 on page 207 of International Sport Management.

12. Japanese Sport Industry Model, Implications • The interactions among these three sport industry sectors have created several composite sectors. • The interactions of the sport industry with other industries have also created some other industry segments. • E-sport, a new phenomenon, is a joint product of the information technology industry and the sport industry.

13. Sport in South Korea • Taekwondo is Korea’s national sport. • Korean athletes have some notable achievements in international competitions. • Sport makes up 2.24 percent of GDP. • The Korean national football team has qualified for the FIFA World Cup finals six times, five of them continuously since 1986, an achievement unparalleled in Asia.

14. Most Popular Physical Activitiesin South Korea • Mountain climbing • Football (soccer) • Jogging • Walking • Badminton • Bodybuilding • Gymnastics

15. Korean Sport Industry Segmentation • Facility and management (US$2.7 billion) • Sport services (sport events, marketing, information, and other sport services) (US$8.9 billion) • Sport products and merchandizing (US$7.9 billion)

16. Sport Governance in Northeast Asia Most nations have an administrative unit in the central government. • China: State General Administration of Sport, or SGAS(formerly, the State Sports Commission) • Japan: Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology • South Korea: Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism

17. Centralized vs. Mixed Sport Governance • China: Centralized. Refers to “the sport managing system in a nation in which a specific government unit at every level of government is responsible for overseeing sport-related affairs and operations” (Eschenfelder & Li, 2006) and for the promotion and development of sport. • Others: Mixed. Governments still involved in policy, but they have limited supervision over operations in private sector.

18. Evolution of Role of Governmentin Sport in China • Before the 1980s, government was responsible for funding and overseeing sport-related affairs and operations. • The sport governance system gradually evolved under the free-market system to become more self-sufficient since the 1980s. • Sport operations in China are now still extensively controlled by governments at all levels.

19. Chinese Olympic Strategies and Systems—Spare-Time Sport Schools • State administration of national teams • Provincial Sport Bureau, Spare-Time Sport Schools (STSS) • City Sport Bureau and STSS • District Sport Office and STSS

20. Nongovernmental Sport Agenciesin China • Chinese Olympic Committee (COC): Nongovernmental, nonprofit national sport organization whose major objective is to develop sport and promote the Olympic Movement in China • All-China Sports Federation (ACSF): National nongovernmental, nonprofit sport organization that oversees an array of sport associations in China

21. Role of Government in Sport in Japan Two major governmental policies and laws serve as basic blueprints for sport development in Japan. • Sports Promotion Law • Basic Plan for the Promotion of Sports

22. Nongovernmental Sport Agenciesin Japan

23. Role of Government in Sportin South Korea A number of sport-related government legislations have profoundly affected the development of sport in the nation. • National Sport Promotion Act • Five-Year National Sports Promotion Plan • Sports Industry Promotion Act • Taekwondo Promotion Act

24. Nongovernmental Sport Agenciesin South Korea • National Council of Sport for All (NCSA) • Seoul Olympic Sports Promotion Foundation (SOSFO) • Korea Sports Council (KSC)