Key Preview Questions

1. Key Preview Questions • Which nation on the map had the “best” colonies? Why? • Based on the map, what problems might arise among the European powers? • How should these nations work out their differences?

2. Revolution!

3. Causes Of Revolution The French & Indian War In the 1750s, Britain & France competed with each other Both powers wanted the fertile Ohio River Valley west of the Appalachians. Although “New France” had a small population, they also had an exceptional relationship with large numbers of natives (Algonquin, Huron, Ottawa, & Ojibwas tribes) and established military alliances with them.

5. French were friendly with Indians for fur

6. Land disputes along the Ohio River Valley led to the French & Indian War

7. Causes Of Revolution The French & Indian War • In 1754, French built Ft. Duquesne (Pittsburgh), but the British had already granted this land to a group of wealthy VA planters. • The VA Gov. sent militia, led by a 22-year-old George Washington, to establish Ft. Necessity (40 miles from Duquesne) & evict the French. • Washington’s militia was defeated by the French & Indians. This was WAR!

8. The Albany Congress, 1754 • In 1754, colonists from across the British colonies met at the Albany Congress to discuss the common problem of Indian attacks: • Benjamin Franklin proposed the Albany Plan of Union for a coordinated colonial army • The plan was not approved • The colonists lacked the unity to solve a common problem

9. Ben Franklin’s “Albany Plan of Union”America’s 1st political cartoon

10. French & Indian War • One year after Washington’s defeat, he and Gen. Edward Braddock returned with 1,500 soldiers and attacked Ft. Duquesne. Unaccustomed to the French & Indian “ambush” style of war, the Brits fled. • The British allied with the Iroquois tribe and slowly gained ground. • 1759, the British captured Quebec and won the war. • Although victorious, the Brits accumulated a massive debt.

11. The Treaty of Paris, 1763 France lost Canada, most of its empire in India, & claims to lands east of the Mississippi River The war officially ended with the Treaty of Paris in 1763 England gained all French lands in Canada & exclusive rights to the Caribbean slave trade Spain got all lands west of the Mississippi River, New Orleans, but lost Florida to England America in 1754 America in 1763

12. Post-Treaty of Paris Pre-Treaty of Paris

13. What about the natives? • Natives were the real losers of the war. Upset with defeat, native tribes captured 8 British forts in the area. • The Brits respond by negotiating peace w/ small-pox infected blankets. • To avoid further conflict w/ natives, Brits est. Proclamation of 1763 w/ no settlement west of Apps.

14. …And the Colonists? • …were mad! • Many colonists supported the war because they thought that new lands west of the Appalachians would be open to settlement. • The Proclamation of 1763 stops expansion. • In addition, the British crack down on smuggling and increase taxes to help pay off war debt.

15. Key Review Questions • How did winning the French & Indian War set up Britain as the dominant economic power in the world? • What effect might this victory has on British mercantilism? • How might this war impact the British colonists? Indians?

16. Stirrings of Rebellion “No Taxation Without Representation”

17. Tensions Increase • Prime Minister George Grenville sets policies to pay war debt: • Sugar Act (1764) w/ new, higher duties placed on a number of other imports • Crack down on smuggling w/ Writs of assistance, which allow searches of ships, businesses & homes. Smuggling cases go to vice-admiralty courts with British (not Colonial) judges. • 10,000 British troops stationed in the colonies to “protect.”

18. Tensions Increase • 1765, Parliament passes The Stamp Act, which required stamped (taxed) paper for documents, printed items, even playing cards! • In response, Sam Adams helps found a secret resistance group, Sons of Liberty, to harass customs workers, stamp agents, & royal governors. • Representatives from 9 colonies formed the Stamp Act Congress to declare grievances.

20. The “Sons of Liberty” & “Daughters of Liberty” were formed to protest British restrictions & became the leaders of colonial resistance Mob reaction to the Stamp Act The colonial boycotts were effective & Britain repealed the Stamp Act For the 1st time, many colonists refer to fellow boycotters as “patriots”

21. Tensions Increase • Colonial merchants boycotted British goods and hoped that British merchants would force Parliament to repeal the Stamp Act. • 1766, Parliament repealed the act, but responded with Declaratory Act to assert dominance. • 1767, Townshend Acts are passed, which levied duties on imported goods & tea • Enraged colonists again boycott luxury British goods. Hancock ship seized, colonists riot, 2,000 British soldiers stationed in Boston

22. “Indirect” tax on lead, glass, paper, tea, etc.

23. Boiling Point! • British “redcoats” increased the already tense climate and many compete w/ colonists for dock jobs. • 1770, dock workers mob customs house. British soldiers fire on the unarmed crowd & kill 5 (Boston Massacre). • 1772, colonists burn customs ship; suspects to be tried in Britain. • Alarmed colonists set up Committees of Correspondence to communicate w/ other colonies about threat to liberties.

25. Boiling Point! • 1773 Tea Act lets East India Co. (colonial competition) sell tea to the colonies tax-free, while colonial tea merchants were still required to pay tax. • In response, a group of Boston rebels disguised as natives boarded 3 British ships anchored in Boston Harbor and dumped 16,000 pounds of tea into the water (Boston Tea Party).

27. Intolerable Acts • King George III, outraged by the destruction of tea, issues the Intolerable Acts in 1774. • These acts closed Boston Harbor (cripples trade), allowed quartering of British soldiers in colonial homes, placed Boston under martial law. • Committees assembled 1st Continental Congress in Philly to declare colonial rights & support protests. Agreed to meet in 1775 if demands weren’t met & began forming militias (Minutemen).

29. First Continental Congress “We have to help Boston”

31. Fighting Erupts • Brits got word of colonial militias stockpiling weapons outside of Boston. Further investigation revealed John Hancock & Sam Adams were also hiding in Lexington. • 1775, Redcoats sent along Lexington Rd. to Concord, where they hoped to find weapons and rebel leaders. • Paul Revere warns leaders and townspeople that redcoats are on the march. “THE REDCOATS ARE COMING!”

32. “a Glorious Day for America” • April 19, 1775, Hancock & Adams fled into woods. • Redcoats reach Lexington where 70 minutemen waited on town green. British commander ordered them to leave & as they complied, someone fired a shot (“…heard round the world”), causing Brit soldiers to fire on militiamen, killing 8. • Brits continued to Concord, but found no weapons. As they turned for Boston, 3-4,000 minutemen swarmed the redcoats in retaliation.

33. Revolution! • May, 1775, 2nd Continental Congress meets in Philadelphia to debate independence. • Agreed to recognize militiamen as Continental Army and appoint George Washington as commander. • Also, authorized printing of money to pay troops. • June 17, 1775, Brits strike militiamen at Breed’s Hill (NOT Bunker Hill). Although militia is defeated (lost 450), 1,000 Brits are killed.

34. Common Sense • After rejecting “Olive Branch Petition,” King orders naval blockade of American coast. • Thomas Paine publishes Common Sense, declares that time had come for colonists to proclaim an independent republic. • “Destiny” would allow free trade for guns and military aid from British enemies to create better society w/ equal social & economic opportunity for all. • Sold 500,000 copies & convinces many colonists!

35. The Enlightenment • Colonists used the ideas of the Enlightenment to justify their protest • John Locke wrote that people have natural rights (life, liberty, & property) & should oppose tyranny • Rousseau believed that citizens have a social contract with their gov’t • Montesquieu argued that power should not be in the hands of a king, but separated among gov’t branches

36. Declaring Independence • Summer 1776, Congress urges colonies to form independent gov’t (states) & appoints committee to prepare formal declaration. • Thomas Jefferson chosen to write document based on Locke’s ideas: • -life, liberty, property • -people consent to obey gov’t that protects rights or resist & overthrow • -all men are created equal • -adopted July 4, 1776

37. Battles • 1776, British decide to stop rebellion by isolating New England. 32,000 Brits & Hessians take New York in the summer. • Christmas 1776, Washington crosses Delaware River into New Jersey & surprises drunk Hessian garrison to win Battle of Trenton. 8 days later, Americans win Battle of Princeton. • 1777, Americans defeated @ Brandywine, PA. Brits take Philly & Congress flees. • Americans defeat Brits @ Saratoga • French agree to help the colonists • Winter 1777/’78, 2,000 U.S. soldiers die of cold & hunger @ Valley Forge

38. Franklin & the French • July 4, 1776, Ben Franklin departs for France to rally support for the Revolution and to buy weapons (a deal the French can’t refuse). • France agrees and promises military support for the Continental Army. Signs treaty 1778 & vows no peace until Brits recognize U.S. independence. • 1778, military experts arrive to help Gen. Washington • Friederich von Steuben (Prussia) helped turn militiamen into expert soldiers • Marquis de Lafayette (France) helped gain French support and helped lead soldiers in battle

39. Turning Point • 1778, Brits take Savannah. • 1780, under the direction of Commander Charles Cornwallis, 8,500 Brits smash through S. Carolina & take Charles Town. • 1781, Cornwallis encounters vicious patriot bands in N. Carolina, who cut Brit communication lines. Cornwallis retreats back to S. Carolina only to be assaulted by troops under direction of Gen. Daniel Morgan who forces surrender @ Cowpens, S. Carolina.

40. Turning Point • After a near defeat @ Guilford Court House, NC by Gen. Nathaniel Greene, Cornwallis moved to VA to meet up w/ reinforcements • He tried to capture divisions led by Lafayette & von Steuben, but failed and pulled his troops back to a peninsula between the James & York rivers @ Yorktown. • 1780, French naval fleet defeats Brits and blocks Brit supplies while 17,000 French & American troops bombard Yorktown for 3 weeks.

41. Class Activity:Creating the terms of the Treaty of Paris, 1783 • In groups, consider the following: • What were American intentions when the war began? • Why did the French join? • Design a treaty that you feel would adequately satisfy the Americans at the end of the Revolutionary War

42. Victory! • October 19, 1781, Washington & French Generals assemble to accept British surrender. A shamed Cornwallis sends his 2nd in command (Gen. Charles O’Hara) to surrender his sword. • 1782, peace talks include U.S., Britain, France, & Spain • Treaty of Paris signed 1783: • -confirms U.S. independence • -set boundaries of new nation • -promises repayment of debts • -no date set for Brit evacuation of forts in U.S.