ECE 447 Fall 2009

1. ECE 447 Fall 2009 Lecture 5: TI MSP430 Software Development in C and Assembly pt. 2

2. Agenda • Logic Instructions • Arithmetic Instructions • Signed Operations • Status Register Instructions • Flow Control Instructions • Jump Instructions

3. ECE447: Logic Instructions (One Operand) Invert Instruction 1’s complement of the destination. It is emulated with the xor instruction.

4. ECE447: Logic Instructions (Two Operands) • BIC and BIS do NOT modify the status bits. • XOR, AND, & BIT modify the status bits.

5. ECE447: Byte Order (Big/Little Endian) Endianness is the byte ordering used to represent data in a computer system. Byte order is an important consideration in network programming, since two computers with different byte orders may be communicating. Failure to account for varying endianness when writing code for mixed platforms can lead to bugs that can be difficult to detect.

6. ECE447: Byte Swap Instruction (swpb) Only operates on 16-bit operands.

7. ECE447: Rotations and Shifts • MSP430 has arithmetic shift and rotation, but no logical shift right. • Logical shift right was added to the MSP430X, discussed later.

8. ECE447: Arithmetic Instructions (One Operand) • Notice all one-operand Arithmetic instructions are emulated. • CLR does not affect the SR flags, including Z(ero)

9. ECE447: Arithmetic Instructions (Two Operands)

10. ECE447: Arithmetic Instructions (Decimal) • Instructions to allow manipulation of operands that are in binary coded decimal (BCD) format. • Value of each nibble is limited to 0 to 9, instead of 0 to F. • Eg: Useful for display of a clock application on the LCD.

11. ECE447: Signed vs. Unsigned Unsigned number weights 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1 B = b7 b6 b5 b4 b3 b2 b1 b0 7  B = b020 + b121 + b222 + b323 + b424 + b525 + b626 + b727 = bi2i i=0 Signed number weights -128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1 B = b7 b6 b5 b4 b3 b2 b1 b0 6  bi2i B = b020 + b121 + b222 + b323 + b424 + b525 + b626 - b727 = - b727 + i=0

12. ECE447: 2’s Complement Representation X>0 0 X<0 k=4 X 0 X+2k = X+1 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 34 5 6 7 0 1 2 34 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

13. ECE447: Unsigned vs. Signed Addition Programmer Machine Unsigned mind Signed mind +/- weight 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1 carry 1 1 1 X Y S 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 19 + 133 152 19 - 123 104 + = FA: Full Adder x3 y3 x2 y2 x6 y6 x5 y5 x1 y1 x7 y7 x4 y4 x0 y0 FA FA FA FA FA FA FA FA c4 c3 c7 c6 c2 c8 c5 c1 s3 s2 s6 s5 s1 s7 s4 s0

14. ECE447: Overflow of Signed Numbers Indication of overflow Negative + Negative = Positive Positive + Positive = Negative Formulas Overflow2’s complement = xk-1 yk-1 sk-1 + xk-1 yk-1 sk-1

15. ECE447: Status Register Flags • V - Overflow bit, set if the result of an operations has overflowed even if a carry is not generated, typically in the case of signed values. • N - Negative flag, set to the msb of the result • Z - Zero flag, set if the result of an operation is zero. • C - Carry flag represents that an overflow has occurred in an operation and that the bit should be “carried” into the next more significant byte/word.

16. ECE447: Status Register Instructions • Each of the SR instructions is emulated with BIS or BIC an immediate value, supplied by either CG1 or CG2. • EINT and DINT enable and disable maskable interrupts.

17. ECE447: Sign Extension Instruction • Sign extend an 8 bit number to a word length (16 or 20 bit) number. • In register mode this will be to bit 15 in the MSP430, or bit 19 in the MSP430X. • In all other addressing modes it extends to bit 15.

18. ECE447: Branch/Call/nop Instructions • BR and NOP are emulated instructions. • BR is a one-way operation, since the PC is not stored. (ie: you cannot return) • CALL cannot be emulated since the stack operations must be coded into the operation.

19. ECE447: Return, Return from Interrupt • RET is emulated and uses the auto-increment addressing mode to handle the stack pointer manipulation • RETI is not emulated use to its manipulation of the SR register on the stack.

20. ECE447: Move/Stack Instructions • PUSH places a word or byte on the stack and decrements the SP value by 2. Note: Pushing a byte on the stack still takes a word (16-bits) of space on the stack. This is done to assure alignment. • POP is emulated since the autoincrement addressing mode can handle that stack pointer manipulation.

21. Example of Push/Pop

22. ECE447: Jump Instructions (1) • JMP, is the simplest unconditional jump. • All jump instructions are relative, so the range is limited. • BR is not relative and can go anywhere in the address space, but is slower, and longer

23. ECE447: Jump Instructions (2) • Conditional jumps operate with the SR flags from the last operation that affected the bits. (ie:CMP, ADD, INC…) • Some jump instructions have two names for more concise usage in programming, however they produce identical machine code.

24. ECE447: MSP430X Instruction Extensions • MSP430X required instruction changes to support the 20 bit address space. • Handling 20 bit data, typically when computing addresses. • 20-bit constants are needed to compute the addresses of the operands. • MSP430X extended instructions are distinguished by an ‘x’ appended to the mnemonic. (ie: add -> addx) • Address specific instructions are appended with an ‘a’ (ie: add -> adda) • A few new instructions were added to the MSP430X for improved performance or function. • Read: Ch 11.2 in Davies p607 for details.

25. ECE447: MSP430X Instruction Extensions • Same function as MSP430 instructions, but to support 20 bit operands. NOTE: 16 bit instructions CAN be used on the MSP430X when 20-bit modes is not necessary.

26. ECE447: MSP430X Instruction Extensions • New instructions POPM, PUSHM, allowing multiple items to be pushed/popped from the stack. • New Multiple shifts instructions, rrcm, rrum, rram, rlam. • Logical shift right is added, named rotate right unsigned, rrux

27. Summary • Logic Instructions • Arithmetic Instructions • Signed Operations • Status Register Instructions • Flow Control Instructions • Jump Instructions