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Nuclear Power Plants

Nuclear Power Plants. Provide ~20% U.S. electricity France >70% Slow controlled release of energy Need 2.5–3.5% 235 U Problem with disposal of radioactive waste. Organic Chemistry. Chemistry of carbon-containing compounds Most of these come from living things Not necessarily the case

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Nuclear Power Plants

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  1. Nuclear Power Plants • Provide ~20% U.S. electricity • France >70% • Slow controlled release of energy • Need 2.5–3.5% 235U • Problem with disposal of radioactive waste Chapter 4

  2. Organic Chemistry • Chemistry of carbon-containing compounds • Most of these come from living things • Not necessarily the case • ~30 million chemical compounds known • 95% are compounds made of carbon Chapter 9

  3. Carbon • Able to bond strongly to other carbon atoms • Forms long chains • Very few other atoms can form short chains, let alone long chains • Capable of forming ring structures • Bonds strongly to other elements • In particular, H, O, and N Chapter 9

  4. Hydrocarbons • Made of carbon and hydrogen • Alkanes • Contain only single bonds • Saturated hydrocarbons • Each C atom bonded to maximum number of H atoms Chapter 9

  5. Alkanes • CH4, methane, simplest one • C2H6, ethane • All have –ane ending • Follow a pattern Chapter 9

  6. Methane, CH4. Chapter 9

  7. structural formulas • Show how many hydrogens are attached to each carbon CH3-CH3 for ethane • Structural formulas show how atoms are bonded together Chapter 9

  8. Methane and the tetrahedral carbon. Chapter 9

  9. Give the structural formula for octane. PPRRExample9.1  Kinds of Hydrocarbon Formulas Problems Give the structural formula for heptane. Chapter 9

  10. Properties of Alkanes • Main property: will burn and nonpolar Chapter 9

  11. Gasoline, mineral oil, lubricating oil and petroleum jelly. © 2003 John Wiley and Sons Publishers Courtesy Andy Washnik Chapter 9

  12. : Cycloalkanes. Chapter 9

  13. Unsaturated Hydrocarbons • Very important in biological systems • Alkene: hydrocarbon that contains one or more carbon-to-carbon double bonds • Simplest: ethylene, C2H4 • ethylene used for ripening fruit Chapter 9

  14. Properties of Alkenes • Similar physical properties to alkanes • Undergo more reactions than alkanes • Addition reaction: add compounds across double bond • Importantly, they can form polymers Chapter 9

  15. Properties of Alkenes • Main property: will burn, nonpolar and more reactive • Long chained hydrocarbon will be liquid rather than solid • example turkey fat and vegetable oil Chapter 9

  16. Chlorinated Hydrocarbons • Add Cl to hydrocarbons • Increase reactivity of alkanes • Dissolve fats, oils, and greases • Useful for dry cleaning • Tend to accumulate in fatty tissues • If toxic, this will be a problem Chapter 9

  17. Chlorofluorocarbons and Fluorocarbons • Tend to be either liquids or gases • Completely inert • Except in upper atmosphere • O2 soluble in fluorinated compounds • Temporary substitute for hemoglobin Chapter 9

  18. Discuss DDT • Discuss Splenda Chapter 9

  19. Alcohols Alcohols contain the hydroxyl (-OH) functional group. Examples include: methanol CH3OH ethanol CH3CH2OH 1-propanol CH3CH2CH2OH Chapter 9

  20. Methanol Methanol or methyl alcohol is sometimes called wood alcohol. It is an important solvent and automotive fuel additive and possible fuel replacement. Chapter 9

  21. Ethanol Ethanol or ethyl alcohol is also known as grain alcohol. It is the alcohol of alcoholic beverages. It is also an additive to automotive fuel and is being considered as a gasoline replacement. Chapter 9

  22. Toxicity of Alcohols All alcohols are toxic. Methanol for instance is oxidized to formaldehyde by liver enzymes. It can lead to blindness and death. Even ethanol is toxic. The effects of drinking ethanol are due to its toxicity. Drunk driving, alcoholism, and fetal alcohol syndrome are all effects due to the toxicity of ethanol. Chapter 9

  23. Ethanol Chapter 9

  24. Multifunctional Alcohols Some alcohols contain more than one hydroxyl group. Chapter 9

  25. Complex Alcohols • Several common alcohols have more than one –OH group • Ethylene glycol: main ingredient in antifreeze • Glycerol: used in lotions • Ingredient in some explosives Chapter 9

  26. Discuss gas mileage and fuels Chapter 9

  27. Carboxylic Acids Organic acids contain the carboxyl (COOH) functional group. Chapter 9

  28. Esters Esters are derived from carboxylic acids and alcohols or phenols. Chapter 9

  29. Esters Esters generally have a pleasant odor. Chapter 9

  30. Esters Esters are named by stating the name of the alcohol part first followed by the name of the acid part with the suffix –ate. For example: Methyl butyrate Chapter 9

  31. Amines and Amides Amines are derivatives of ammonia. When one or more hydrogen of ammonia is replaced by an alkyl group, an amine is the result. Like ammonia, amines tend to be basic and have similar odors. Chapter 9

  32. Amines and Amides Chapter 9

  33. Amines and Amides Amides have the nitrogen bonded to a carbonyl carbon. The amino acids of proteins are linked by amide linkages. Chapter 9

  34. end • end Chapter 9

  35. Aldehydes and Ketones • Both contain carbonyl group (C=O) • Aldehyde: R-CHO • Ketone: R-CO-R’ Chapter 9

  36. Common Aldehydes • Change -e ending to -al • Produced by oxidation of alcohols • Formaldehyde – used as a preservative • Larger ones used as fragrances • Benzaldehyde – flavor in maraschino cherries Chapter 9

  37. Common Ketones • Change -e ending to -one • Acetone most common ketone • Used primarily as a solvent • Produced by oxidation of alcohols Chapter 9

  38. Carboxylic Acid • Contains C=O and –OH group on same carbon • Change -e to -oicacid • Acetic acid: acid in vinegar Chapter 9

  39. Esters • Derived from carboxylic acids and alcohols • Tend to be fragrant • Methyl butyrate apple • Ethyl butyrate pineapple • Ethyl formate rum • Methyl salicylate wintergreen Chapter 9

  40. Figure 6.13: The carbon-carbon single bond of ethane and the carbon-carbon double bond of ethylene. © 2003 John Wiley and Sons Publishers Chapter 9

  41. Figure 6.15: The conversion of unsaturated ethylene to saturated ethane. © 2003 John Wiley and Sons Publishers Chapter 9

  42. Figure 6.16: Adding water to an alkene produces an alcohol. © 2003 John Wiley and Sons Publishers Chapter 9

  43. END Chapter 9

  44. Alcohol Family • –OH group • Replace -e with -ol • CH3OH, methanol, simplest • Produced industrially • Mainly a chemical intermediate Chapter 9

  45. C2H5OH, ethanol • Made industrially and by fermentation • Industrially produced alcohol has noxious substances added • Small, simple alcohols tend to be toxic Chapter 9

  46. Phenol • –OH group on benzene ring • Different chemical properties than other alcohols • First antiseptic • Also causes skin irritation Chapter 9

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