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Computer Concepts A Brief Introduction

Computer Concepts A Brief Introduction. CAS 133 – Basic Computer Skills/MS Office XP Russ Erdman - Instructor. Computer Concepts. “Oh drat these computers! They’re so naughty and so complex, I could pinch them!”. Computer Concepts. Where can you find computers?. Computers are everywhere.

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Computer Concepts A Brief Introduction

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  1. Computer ConceptsA Brief Introduction CAS 133 – Basic Computer Skills/MS Office XP Russ Erdman - Instructor

  2. Computer Concepts “Oh drat these computers! They’re so naughty and so complex, I could pinch them!”

  3. Computer Concepts Where can you find computers? • Computers are everywhere

  4. Computer Concepts What is computer literacy? • Knowledge and understanding of computers and their uses.

  5. Computer Concepts • WHAT IS A COMPUTER? • A device that follows instructions, processes data arithmetically and logically, produces output, and stores the results for future use. • Accepts data (input) • Manipulates data • Produces results (output) • Stores results

  6. Data Raw facts, figures, and symbols Information Data that is organized, meaningful, and useful Computer Concepts What are data and information?

  7. What are hardware and software? Hardware Electronic and mechanical equipment Software Instructions that tell hardware how to perform tasks Computer Concepts

  8. Computer Concepts Hardware, Software and the Computer Without SOFTWARE the computer HARDWARE is just a giant PAPER WEIGHT!

  9. What are common computer hardware components? system unit PC camera speaker printer speaker monitor keyboard modem scanner mouse microphone digital camera Computer Concepts

  10. What is an input device? microphone PC camera keyboard mouse scanner digital camera Computer Concepts • Hardware used to enter data and instructions.

  11. What is an output device? monitor speakers printer Computer Concepts • Hardware that conveys information to a user.

  12. What is the system unit? CD-RW drive CD-ROM or DVD-ROM drive Zip®drive floppy disk drive hard disk drive(inside case) Computer Concepts • Box-like device containing electronic components connected to motherboard

  13. Processor • Memory module • Processor • Memory module • Expansion cards • Sound card • Modem card • Video card • Network interface card • Ports and Connectors • Processor • Memory module • Expansion cards • Sound card • Processor • Memory module • Expansion cards • Sound card • Modem card • Processor • Memory module • Expansion cards • Sound card • Modem card • Video card • Processor • Memory module • Expansion cards • Sound card • Modem card • Video card • Network interface card • Processor Computer Concepts What are common components insidethe system unit?

  14. Computer Concepts • Main circuit boardin system unit • Containschips,integrated circuits,and transistors • Also calledthe system board What is the motherboard?

  15. What are two main components on the motherboard? Central Processing Unit (CPU) • Also called a processor • Carries out instructions that tell computer what to do Memory (RAM & ROM) • Temporary holding place for data and instructions Computer Concepts

  16. What is a microprocessor? Computer Concepts Central Processing Unit • Single processor chip foundin personal computers

  17. volatile memory Loses its contents when the computer's power is turned off volatile memory Loses its contents when computer's poweris turned off nonvolatile memory Does NOT lose its contents when computer’s power is turned off Memory Computer Concepts What are two types of system unit memory? RAM ROM p. 4.16

  18. What is random access memory (RAM)? Computer Concepts memory module Memory • Memory chips that can be read from and written to by processor • Most RAM is volatile • The more RAM a computer has, the faster it operates p. 4.16

  19. What is storage? • Storage Medium • Physical material on which data, instructions, and information are stored • StorageDevice • Records and retrieves items to and froma storage medium Computer Concepts • Holds data, instructions, and information for future use. Click to view Web Link then click Storage Devices p. 1.7

  20. CD-ROM or DVD-ROM drive CD-RW drive ZIP® drive hard disk drive floppy disk drive Computer Concepts What are common storage devices or drives? p. 1.7 Fig. 1-3

  21. What is a floppy disk? Computer Concepts • Thin, circular, flexible disk enclosed inrigid plastic • A Zip® disk is a higher capacity disk

  22. What is a hard disk? hard disk installed in system unit Computer Concepts • High-capacity storage • Consists of several inflexible, circular platters that store items electronically • Components enclosed in airtight, sealed case for protection p. 7. 10 Fig. 7-12

  23. How does a hard disk work? Computer Concepts 3: When software requests disk access, read/write heads determine location of data 1: Circuit board controls movement of head activator and small motor 2: Small motor spins platters Step 2 4: Head actuator positions read/write head arms over correct location on platters to read or write data Step 1 Step 3 Step 4 Hard Disks p. 7.11 Fig. 7-13

  24. What is a compact disc (CD)? Computer Concepts Compact Discs CD-ROM • Storage medium • Most PCs include some type of compact discdrive • Available invariety offormats CD-RW CD-R DVD+RW DVD-ROM p. 7. 17

  25. Computer Concepts Compact Discs A CD-ROM’s layout.

  26. What is a computer program? Computer Concepts Computer Software • A series of instructions that tells the computer what to do p. 1.10

  27. Computer Concepts Advantages of a computer • Speed • Reliability • Accuracy • Storage • Communications

  28. Computer Concepts Advantages of a computer • Speed • Operates at close to the speed of light – 186,000 miles/second! • Consider word processing (typing) over writing by hand. • Reliability • Hardware seldom fails • When the bank says the computers are down it may not be true.

  29. Computer Concepts Advantages of a computer • Accuracy • Software – GIGO (Garbage In Garbage Out) • Humans make 1 error every 300 characters typed, computers make 1 error every 3,000,000 characters processed. • Storage • Concept of bits (1s & 0s), bytes (8 bits), kilobytes (1024 bytes), megabytes (1024 KB), gigabytes (1024 MB), terabytes (1024 GB). • All the works of Shakespeare can fit on one CD… with much room to spare!

  30. Computer Concepts Data Representation Storage • Five basic types of data are represented in the computer. • Numeric • Character • Visual • Audio • Instructional

  31. Computer Concepts on 1 1 1 1 1 off 0 0 0 0 0 Data Representation Storage How do computers represent data? • Most computers are digital • Recognize only two discrete states: on or off p. 4.13

  32. Computer Concepts Storage • A digital computer’s circuits are binary. • The circuits can exist in either one of two electrical states, normally represented by 0 and 1, that is, OFF or ON. • Each 1 or 0 is called a binary digit or bit and are the basis for measurement of storage. • Each character (letter, number, etc.) equals one byte. • These bytes can add up, especially when representing images (graphics).

  33. Computer Concepts Storage • Consider the math – 1 byte = 1 character, 5 characters per word, 400 words per page, 200 pages per book. • Floppy Disk = 1,440,000 bytes = 3.6 books • Zip Disk = 100,000,000 bytes = 250 books • CD = 700,000,000 bytes = 1,750 books • DVD = 4,200,000,000 bytes = 10,500 books • Hard Drive (small in lab) = 6,000,000,000 bytes = 15,000 books • Hard Drive (newer) = 100,000,000,000 bytes = 250,000 books

  34. Computer Concepts Storage Representing Symbols and Text • Each letter and symbol in a text document must be translated into a binary number for storage in the computer. • Symbols and Text • Includes characters, punctuation, symbols representing numbers. • Each symbol can be assigned a numeric value • Two standardized sets of codes for symbols: • ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange) • EBCDIC (Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code) • Developed by IBM for use on their mainframe computers.

  35. Computer Concepts Storage • The ASCII code, or simply ASCII, is used by virtually all other computers in the United States and Europe as well. All personal computers use the ASCII code. A partial listing of the ASCII character set • Ctrl+@(NULL) - 0000000 • Ctrl+A - 0000001 • Ctrl+B - 0000010 • Ctrl+C - 0000011 • Ctrl+D - 0000100 • Ctrl+E - 0000101 • Ctrl+F - 0000110 • Ctrl+G(Bell) - 0000111 • Space - 0100000 • Delete - 1111111 • 0 - 0110000 • 1 - 0110001 • 2 - 0110010 • 3 - 0110011 • 4 - 0110100 • 5 - 0110101 • 6 - 0110110 • 7 - 0110111 • 8 - 0111000 • 9 - 0111001 • : - 0111010 • A - 1000001 • B - 1000010 • C - 1000011 • D - 1000100 • E - 1000101 • F - 1000110 • G - 1000111 • H - 1001000 • I - 1001001 • J - 1001010 • K - 1001011 • a - 1100001 • b - 1100010 • c - 1100011 • d - 1100100 • e - 1100101 • f - 1100110 • g - 1100111 • h - 1101000 • i - 1101001 • j - 1101010 • k - 1101011

  36. Computer Concepts Storage • A new coding system has recently been developed called UNICODE. • Unicode provides a unique number for every character, no matter what the platform, no matter what the program, no matter what the language. • Why UNICODE? • No single encoding could contain enough characters: for example, the European Union alone requires several different encodings to cover all its languages and what about Asian languages with all there characters. • Even for a single language like English no single encoding was adequate for all the letters, punctuation, and technical symbols in common use.

  37. Computer Concepts Storage Representation of Images • Digitized picture of a tiger.

  38. Computer Concepts Storage Representation of Images • Black and white pixels are either 0 or 1. 0001000000000000000000000000000000000000010101 0100000000000000100000000000000000000000000101 0110000000000000100000000000000000000000000011 1010101000000000010000000000000000000000000011 1001000000000000101100000000000000000000000101 0100010000000000011110000000000000000000000111 0100100100000000011111010101011100000000000011 0001000000000000111101110111111101000000001011 0000101001000001101111101111110110000000001111 0000010100000000111110111101011101000000000111 0000010100100011101010101011010000000000010111 0000001010100000011101010101101010100000011111 0000010110000001010100100000000000000000001110 0000000000011001010100000000000000000000001111 0000000000010110010100000000000000000000101111 0010010101010100100101010000000000000001011111 1000001111110100101101110101011000000010110111 1001001111010111111111110101101101011111111111 0110010111110111111111111111111101111110111111 1010101101111111111111111111111111111111111111 1010000111011111111111111111111111111111111111 0101010011111111111111111111111111111111111111 0110000101011111111111111111101111110011110101 0101111011111111111111111111111011010101110101 1010101011111111111111111010110111101111011111 0000001011111111111101011101101001111110101010 0000001011111111111101111111110010111101101010 0000000111111010111110111011101001111110101010 0000000111111111111111010111111101111110111011 0000101111101101010110000101111111111111101011

  39. Computer Concepts Storage • Gray-Scale: • Each pixel contains a value representing some shade of gray. • The more shades of gray possible, the more memory will be needed. • 4 shades of gray needs 2 bits per pixel: • 00, 01, 10, 11 • 8 shades of gray needs 3 bits per pixel: • 000, 001, 010, 011, 100, 101, 110, 111 • 64 shades of gray needs 6 bits per pixel: • 000000, 000001, … 111110, 111111

  40. Computer Concepts Storage Representation of Images • Representing colors in pictures takes even more bits than gray-scale. • The more colors the more bits and thus more: Memory is required Processing power is required A better graphics card is required

  41. Computer Concepts Storage • Fact: All types of information are stored in binary form. • Problem: The computer has no way of discerning between types unless a file is marked in some manner for identification by the operating system. • Files are marked as to type with unique icons and have an extension that indicates file type. (e.g., .doc, .txt, .html, .xls, .ppt, .wav, .jpg and so forth)

  42. Computer Concepts Storage Windows files showing their icons and extensions

  43. Computer Concepts Advantages of a computer • Communications • Allows us to easily share data • Networks • Email • The Internet • The World Wide Web • Modern Wireless Devices • Cell phones • WiFi and Bluetooth

  44. What is system software? Computer Concepts Operating System (OS) Utility Programs Next Types of Computer Software • Programs that control the operations of the computer and its devices p. 1.12

  45. Computer Concepts Types of Computer Software • The operating system (OS) on the computers in the lab is Windows 2000 Professional. • Some other OS names are: • DOS (Disk Operating System) • Windows 98, Me, XP • Windows 2000 Active Server • Unix • Linux • Macintosh OS X and others

  46. What is application software? Computer Concepts Suite Popular software applications bundled together as a single unit Office XP Word processing software Word processing Presentation graphics software Presentation graphics Spreadsheet software Spreadsheet Database software Database Types of Computer Software • Programs that perform specific tasks for users

  47. Computer Concepts Types of Computer Software • There must be some type of (OS) system software for application software to run on. • The application software must be compatible with the OS software. • The application software we will work with includes: • Word (Word processing) • Excel (Spreadsheets) • Access (Databases) • Internet Explorer (Web Browser) • M.S. Paint (Graphics) • Other

  48. What is the user interface? Computer Concepts User Interface • Controls how you enter data and commands and how information displays • Types of user interfaces include command line and graphical. p. 1.12

  49. What is a graphical user interface (GUI)? Computer Concepts icons icons User Interface • Uses visual images such as icons • Icons represent programs, instructions, or some other objects p. 1.12 p. 1.12 Fig. 1-13

  50. Computer Concepts The PC (Microcomputer) vs. Minis, Mainframes, Supercomputers Fast Expensive Complex Large • Computers are compared as to their: • Speed • Cost • Size • Complexity Super Computers Mainframe Computers Minicomputers Microcomputers Slow Cheap Simple Small p. 1.12

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