Katja Franko Aas Department of Criminology and Sociology of Law University of Oslo

1. Katja Franko Aas Department of Criminology and Sociology of Law University of Oslo katja.franko@jus.uio.no

2. Crime Control in the Borderlands of Europe (CRIMMIGRATION) • Mapping the progressive intertwining and merging of crime control and migration control practices in Europe, and examining their implications. • What is the relevance of citizenship for European penal systems? • How do contemporary crime control practices support and perform the task of cultural and territorial border control?

3. Foreign nationals in prison populations in Europe • Switzerland 73,8% • Luxembourg 72,2% • Greece 63,2% • Israel 52% • Austria 48,6% • Belgium 44,2% • Malta 40,3% • Italy 34,4% • Norway 34% • Spai 31,2% Source: World Prison Brief: http://www.kcl.ac.uk/depsta/law/research/icps/worldbrief/ • Sweden 30.5% • Denmark 26,8% • Netherlands 24,6% • France 17,5% • UK (England & Wales)12,8% • Russian Federation 4,2% • Hungary 3,5% • Latvia 1,3% • Poland 0,7%

4. Why ERC? • One of the most important substantial sources of free funding available today. • Not like other EU funding programs (easy procedure, not guided by political motives and direct utility considerations). • Although potential impact important, it is interpreted broadly. • Able to see beyond national political priorities (interest in pomoting the discipline). • Scientific excellence the main criterium. • Evaluated by a very competent scientific pannel. • Prestige / door opening

5. Lessons learned: Focus on scientific quality and progress of your discipline / field of research capacity to go beyond the state of the art the proposed research does not want to take the same path as some previous works have done, but offers a different perspective has demonstrated her scholarly independence and creative thinking as well as her capacity to take the discipline forward in important new ways will certainly contribute to the opening of new scholarly horizons, which have central implications for European public policies. a promising combination of lines of research brought together in a coherent framework. Important to apply at the right stage in your career The right balance of ambition and realism The aims are well considered and suitably ambitious.

6. The process • June 2009, funding seminar (University of Oslo) • July 2nd: application for financial support to UiO (prosjektetableringsstøtte) • Starting work on the application - September 2009 • November 10th evaluation of the application by external expert (meeting organised by UiO, EU office) • November – December: feedback by coleagues • 9.12.2009 submitting the application • 22.03. 2010 feedback to applicants step 1 • 10.05. 2010 interview training by a mock pannel • 27.05 interview in Brussels • 13. 07 results & invitation to prepare the grant agreement • 23.08 Ethics review process • 22.2.2011 Final signature of the agreement

7. CV at the time of application: • Professor of criminology (University of Oslo) • Law degree (University of Ljubljana, Slovenia) • Books: • Cosmopolitan Justice and its Discontents (forthcoming, with C. Baillet, Routledge 2010)

8. Basic hypothesis: Towards ‘crimmigration control’ Crime control: Hybrid forms of control: Frontex, Police Immigration Unit Deportation Detention facilities Transnationalised others: (’outsiders inside’ – the unreturnables, sans papiers): governing through crime Convergence of criminal law and immigration law (Stumpf, 2006) • Policing • Traditional penalties • Prisons • National socially excluded groups (’insiders outside’): governing through welfare • Traditional criminal law

9. Seeng the blind spots of a field: What is a prison?

10. 5 complementary sub-projects, addressing crimmigration control on transnational, national and local levels: • a) Frontex - EU external border control agency (KF Aas and HI Gundhus; Police University College) • b) Immigration detention and confinement in Europe (post doc. Thomas Ugelvik) • c) Policing non-citizens (PhD Sigmund B. Mohn) • d) ‘Insiders outside’ and ‘outsiders inside’: a comparative study of social marginality (post doc. Nicolay B Johansen) • e) A socio-legal analysis of deportation and pre-trial detention(4 MA theses) • Potential risks: gaining access

11. Deportation in Norway 1991-2012 Immigration law Other (unknown) EEA (criminal) Breach of criminal law

12. Policing EU’s humanitarian borderlands Human rights vs the logic of security

13. «Well, it was so bad that my thoughts went to the dark sides of our European history. I began to reflect over – these are very personal thoughts – but I thought about those who were participating under nazism, who were involved, were they thinking the same as I am now? Did they try to find a way to justify it? Did they understand that what they were doing was wrong? Is it wrong? Should we be involved in this? Should we not be involved? I have a very large apparatus guarding my back, which in a way supports me that this is good, but then you see in a way, at least I see, that nothing happens. What’s the point? This part has been a challenge and we talked a fair amount about it down there, not exactly with the same perspective, but about whether it was right for us to be involved. Are we contributing to something good or are we just helping Greece to do something wrong? /…/ I hope that my children and grand children can look back on what their father and grandfather did as something that was right, that he did something good; that this will not be a shadow in European history that I have contributed to. I really hope so. « (FRN2)

14. The logic of (in)security “We are not health personnel and are in principle not supposed to get that type of information. Are not supposed to ask about it either, of course. But one is clearly interested in knowing: are you contagious? Is it natural to use a face mask? Do you have tuberculosis, HIV? Preferably treat everyone - just like in prisons, they have the same problem there - treat everyone as if they were contagious. Use gloves. Do not let anyone cough directly at you. If someone is coughing a lot, use a face mask. Always be careful about blood. ” (Police Immigration Unit, leadership, 1)

15. Achievements so far : • Three international conferences & 24 articles. • Plenary lecture British Society of Criminology (2012), Centre for Law and Society Annual Lecture, University of Edinburgh (2013) Criminological Horizons Lecture 2013 (Monash University), plenary lecture Sosiologidagarna 2014 (Gothenburg). • Member of the Management Board of The Norwegian Institute of International Affairs, NUPI, and of the External Advisory Board of the Centre for Criminology, University of Oxford.

16. Not anticipated at the planning stage: • Shaping a new field within the discipline: «criminology og mobility»: • Routledge Studies in Criminal Justice, Borders and Citizenship (co-edited with S. Pickering and M. Bosworth) • Border criminologies blog and the International Network Grant on External Border Control by Leverhulme Trust (with University of Oxford, UK and Monash University, Australia). • The importance of contributing to public debate and dialogue with policy makers • Opinion piece in Aftenposten (September 26, 2013 with Nicolay B. Johansen) • Lectures for Justice Departement officials, the Directorate of Immigration (UDI) and The Immigration Appeals Board (UNE) • Independence and time