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Chapter 7 Procedures and Tools for Gathering Data

Introduction to Educational Research (5th ed.) Craig A. Mertler & C.M. Charles. Chapter 7 Procedures and Tools for Gathering Data. Recall The Types of Research & The Focus of Each. Ethnographic — social behavior Action — innovation or local problems Evaluation — judgment about quality

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Chapter 7 Procedures and Tools for Gathering Data

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  1. Introduction to Educational Research (5th ed.) Craig A. Mertler & C.M. Charles Chapter 7 Procedures and Tools for Gathering Data

  2. Recall The Types of Research & The Focus of Each... • Ethnographic—social behavior • Action—innovation or local problems • Evaluation—judgment about quality • Historical—past events • Descriptive—current status • Correlational—predictive relationships • Causal-comparative—possible causation • Experimental—causation

  3. Types of Data Needed • Descriptions—verbal representations of participants, etc. • Scores—numerical values assigned to test performance • Measurements—numerical values resulting from instruments other than tests • Opinions—views expressed by participants and informants • Statements—authoritative verbal opinions • Analyses—clarification reached through logic

  4. Sources of Data for Various Types of Research • Participants—individuals specially selected to take part in the research • Procedures—formalized ways of operating in educational settings • Settings—specific environments in which the behavior being investigated occurs • Objects—inanimate things • Records—highly detailed reports • Documents—written papers or reports in their entirety • Informants—people other than participants

  5. Samples and Their Selection • Questions to consider… • Are samples necessary? • Can small samples adequately represent large populations? • Probability sampling—can specify the probability of selection for each member of a population • Random sampling • Stratified random sampling • Cluster sampling • Systematic sampling *

  6. Samples and Their Selection (cont’d.) • Nonprobability sampling—probability of inclusion into a sample cannot be specified • Convenience sampling • Judgment (a.k.a., purposive) sampling • Snowball (a.k.a., network or chain) sampling • Quota sampling • Systematic sampling *

  7. Size of Samples • Descriptive research—10%–20% of the population (1%–5% for extremely large populations) • Correlational research—minimum of 30 participants • Causal-comparative & experimental research—minimum of 15 per group • REMEMBER...A carefully selected small sample is better (i.e., more representative) than simply increasing the size of a sample

  8. Validity and Reliability in Data Collection • Validity of data—whether or not the data measure what they purport to measure • Sources of validity evidence (ways of determining if data are valid) for test data: • Evidence based on test content • Evidence based on response processes • Evidence based on internal structure • Evidence based on relations to other variables • Evidence based on consequences of testing • Types of validity for non-test data: • External criticism—authenticity

  9. Validity and Reliability in Data Collection (cont’d.) • Reliability of data—whether or not the data are being measured consistently • Types of reliability (ways of determining if data are reliable) for test data: • Test-retest method • Equivalent forms method • Split-half method • Internal consistency • Types of validity for non-test data: • Examine consistency of data

  10. Procedures in Data Collection • Methods of actually collecting data: • Notation • Description • Analysis • Questioning • Interviews (structured, semi-structured, open-ended) • Surveys (Likert scale, Likert-type scale, others) • Cross-sectional • Longitudinal • Testing • Measurement

  11. A Composite of Data Collection Procedures • Refer to Table 7.1…

  12. Applying Technology… Web sites covering topics related to data collection • Dr. Trochim’s discussion of sampling terminology (http://trochim.human.cornell.edu/kb/sampterm.htm) • Dr. Trochim’s discussion of probability sampling techniques (http://trochim.human.cornell.edu/kb/sampprob.htm) • Dr. Trochim’s discussion of nonprobability sampling techniques (http://trochim.human.cornell.edu/kb/sampnon.htm) • Dr. Trochim’s discussion of how to construct a survey (http://trochim.human.cornell.edu/kb/survwrit.htm) • Types of questions that can be used in survey research (http://trochim.human.cornell.edu/kb/questype.htm) • Methods of structuring response formats for surveys (http://trochim.human.cornell.edu/kb/quesresp.htm) • Ways to word questions in order to avoid misinterpretation (http://trochim.human.cornell.edu/kb/quesword.htm) • Suggestions on where to place specific types of questions within the actual survey (http://trochim.human.cornell.edu/kb/quesplac.htm) • Educational Testing Service (ETS) Test Collection (http://testcollection.ets.org/) • Mental Measurements Yearbook’s Test Reviews Online (http://buros.unl.edu/buros/jsp/search.jsp)

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