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Chapter 2: The American Colonies Emerge

Trace England's early colonization attempts from Roanoke's failure to Jamestown's success in Virginia. Explore the development of Chesapeake and Southern colonies during 1607-1625. Learn about Queen Elizabeth I's overseas exploration encouragement and the survival challenges faced by Jamestown settlers. Discover the myths and truths behind Pocahontas and John Smith's stories, along with the significant role of tobacco in Jamestown's survival. Uncover the mysteries of the Roanoke Colony through recent archaeological findings.

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Chapter 2: The American Colonies Emerge

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  1. Chapter 2: The American Colonies Emerge Section 2: An English Settlement at Jamestown

  2. I Will Gain an Understanding of: England’s early attempts at colonization - Roanoke  Failure & Success in Jamestown ,Virginia 1607-1625 The development of the Chesapeake & Southern (Plantation) colonies

  3. England in the New World • Queen Elizabeth I encouraged overseas exploration • Sir Walter Raleigh organized expedition • 1585 landed in Roanoke Island(North Carolina) • Colony failed after 1 year

  4. Roanoke Colony, 1587 (2nd Attempt) • 110-117 colonists arrived in Roanoke • Sir Walter Raleigh LEFT colonists, & went back to England • War 1588 delayed supplies…

  5. War Between England & Spain • 1588 Spanish Armada invaded the English Channel • Queen Elizabeth I’s Navy defeated the Spanish • Turning Point! England perceived as World Power

  6. What About the Roanoke Colonists? • 1590 ship returned • No sign of life… • No dead bodies… • Nothing! • Except the word • “CROATOAN” • Carved in a tree… • “the lost colony”

  7. Roanoke – The Lost Colony

  8. New 2012 EVIDENCE!!! A MAP!!! • "We believe that this evidence provides conclusive proof that they moved westward up the Albemarle Sound to the confluence of the Chowan and Roanoke rivers," • - James Horn, vice president of research and historical interpretation at the Colonial Williamsburg Foundation and author of a 2010 book about the Lost Colony.

  9. What Happened to the Roanoke Colonists? New Evidence 2015 • Current interpretation: Roanoke colonists possibly split up into two groups and moved • 2 excavations • 1st: 50 miles east of original site • 2nd: 50 miles Northwest from original site • 16th century artifacts at both locations • http://news.nationalgeographic.com/2015/08/150807-lost-colony-roanoke-hatteras-outer-banks-archaeology/

  10. 2015 Roanoke Colony Excavations- National Geographic

  11. 2015 Roanoke Colony Excavations- National Geographic

  12. Queen Elizabeth I – Died 1603 • King James I became King of England • Charter of 1606 • King granted charter (permission) to the Virginia Company • To settle in Virginia

  13. Joint Stock Companies • Joint Stock Company – a business partnership. • Allowed investors to invest money • Investors share profits, losses

  14. The Virginia Company of London • 3 Ships: Susan Constant, Godspeed, Discovery • 150 passengers & Crew Members • Arrived in Chesapeake Bay (Virginia ), 1607

  15. JAMESTOWN, 1607 • Problems: • Built settlement Near Marshy (James) River! • Contaminated Water! • Mosquitoes! • Diseases! • Planted no crops!

  16. “101 Gentlemen Adventurers” • Don’t know how to: • Farm • Hunt • Build shelter • Get along w/ Native Americans

  17. Captain John Smith • Took charge in 1607/1608 • Built shelters • Planted crops • Dug wells • Negotiated w/ Powhatan tribe • “He who shall not work shall not eat!”

  18. “Starving Time,” Winter 1609-1610 • John Smith went back to England due to accident • Crops died! • English invaded Native Americans! • Ate roots, rats, snakes • used shelter for fire wood!

  19. Jamestown Barely Survived… • Possible cannibalism • By May 1610, • 60 out of 600 colonists survived • http://www.cnn.com/2013/05/01/us/jamestown-cannibalism/ • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XHGI50ebhA0 • New Governor ordered survivors to stay

  20. Who is Pocahontas? The Myth vs. the Historical Truth

  21. Powhatan Tribes • A Confederacy of 30 tribes • Virginia & Maryland • Tension w/ colonists • Pocahontaswas the daughter of Chief

  22. Pocahontas According to Disney http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O-VyCmeO65M

  23. The Real Pocahontas • real name - Matoaka • “Pocahontas” nickname (“Mischievous”) • Daughter of Powhatan Chief

  24. Reality… • DISNEY LIED!

  25. John Smith “Myth” • Did Pocahontas “save” John Smith? • NO… • Incident was an initiation ritual • She was 11 (?) • There was NO romantic relationship!!

  26. What Did John Smith Look Like?

  27. Romantic Marriage? • No! • Father married her off to Kocoum in 1610 • THEN… • Pocahontas was abducted by colonists • John Rolfe married her 1614 • “For the good of the plantation” • Marriage initiated Peace Settlement

  28. The Abduction of Pocahontas- Virginia Historical Society http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AQuR01BHs_o

  29. Pocahontas = Rebecca • 8 yr Truce between English Colonists & Powhatan tribe • Lady “Rebecca” taken to London 1616 • Died @ 20-22 years old • “’tis enough that the child liveth”

  30. Pocahontas (Rebecca) in England

  31. Death of Pocahontas – Virginia Historical Society http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_Z6kvgT1Sj4

  32. Pocahontas’ Gravesite St. George’s Church in Gravesend England!!!

  33. Pocahontas’ Son Thomas Rolfe’s gravesite

  34. What did Pocahontas Look Like? • 1616 engraving • 1700’s version 

  35. Artist: Mary Allen Howe’s Interpretation (1994)

  36. Tobacco Saved Jamestown Colony… • 1612 John Rolfe planted tobacco • Profitable crop • Colony became financially dependent on tobacco

  37. What Did John Rolfe Look Like?

  38. Indentured Servants • Head right System: • 50 acres for anyone who paid workers to come to Jamestown • Employer paid passage • Indentured Servant = bound to employer for 6-7 years • to pay off passage • Free at end of contract

  39. English Women Were Recruited to Move to Jamestown Colony -"...the plantation can never flourish till families be planted and the respect of wives and children fix the peopleon the soil." -Sir Edwin Sandy, TreasurerVirginia Company of London, 1620

  40. Why Did the Jamestown Colony Need Women? • 1. To establish families • 2. Population Growth • * Ensure the birth of new generations ! • 3. Economic growth

  41. Why did Women Move to Jamestown? • 1.Unmarried women from lower classes • 2. Young widows • 3. Women without fathers, brothers, husbands (no one to provide for them) • 4. Marriage opportunity & better life • Agreed marry eligible bachelors in Jamestown • 1608 and1619 Shipload of “99 maidens” arrived in Jamestown (potential wives for colonists)

  42. CHESAPEAKE COLONIES • “Chesapeake Bay”: • 1. Jamestown, Virginia • 2. Maryland

  43. Maryland, 1632-34 • “Proprietary Colony” : • Owned by an individual • Lord Baltimore aka George Calvert , 1634 • Plantation economy (tobacco) • Catholic • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RsxrJ0f91aU

  44. Maryland, cont’d • “Act for Religious Toleration”, 1649 • 1. Religious tolerance for all Christians • 2. Did not separate Church from State • Significance: freedom of religion

  45. Chesapeake Colonies… • Tobacco plantation economy • 1630-1700 : 110,000 English immigrants arrived • 80% male indentured servants • Widespread settlement

  46. Statistics & Population • High death rates: malaria, typhoid fever • Life expectancy: 48 males, 44 females • More males than females = Limited population growth

  47. Servitude to SlaveryChesapeake • Economic Shift: • Wages rise in England • More difficult to import white laborers • Slave population Triples 1680-1700 • By 1700, African slaves = 22% of population

  48. SOUTHERN COLONIES • Carolinas (South 1670, North 1712) • Georgia, 1733 • “Restoration Colonies” • Est. after Crown was restoredto Charles II England

  49. Southern Colonies • Warm climate, Good river system • Crops: Tobacco, cotton, rice, indigo

  50. The Carolinas • Originally founded to trade w/ West Indies • Rice became cash crop • Rice “exotic” to English, very profitable

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