Warm up 3-28

1. Warm up 3-28 • Take out your judicial branch worksheet and pass it to the front. • Please take out a sheet of paper and label it “Civil Rights Standards Notes” • Answer the following question on that piece of paper: • What did Jim Crow Laws do in the South? How did the case Plessy v. Ferguson perpetuate these laws? • Use 351-352 for help

2. Civil Rights Standards Notes When African Americans returned home from WWII, they noticed little change in racial segregation.

3. Slowly, changes are made. • 1948 – President Truman signed an executive order that outlawed racial segregation in the armed forces • This allowed blacks and whites to fight side by side in the Korean War • 1949 – Federal Housing Act: banned racial segregation in federally financed housing.

4. What’s the deal with education? • 1935 – NAACP began fighting to desegregate schools. • 1950 – Linda Brown, an African American student tried to register at an all white school in Topeka, KS • Her entry was denied.

5. Brown v. Board of Education • The NAACP helped Brown’s father sue the Topeka Board of Education • Through the appeals process, Brown v. Board of Education went to the Supreme Court. • In 1954, the court said that the separate-but-equal schools were unconstitutional. • Ordered racial integration (desegregation) of schools “with all deliberate speed” • After nearly 60 years of court-approved segregation, the ruling in the Plessy case was finally overturned.

6. Sibley Commission • Georgians did not want to integrate. • 1955 – General Assembly passed a law that cut off all state funding for any Georgia school that desegregated. • 1960 – General Assembly organized the Sibley Commission to investigate the public reaction to possible integration. • By a 3 to 2 margin, Georgians said that they would rather close the schools than integrate them.

7. Despite Georgia’s complaints, • The Federal government held their ground by forcing integration. • In 1961, the University of Georgia allowed its first two black students: • Charlayne Hunter • Hamilton Holmes • Many Georgians and politicians pleaded with the Governor of Georgia to close the University of Georgia rather than allow desegregation.

9. Governor Ernest Vandiver • Made a campaign promise that he would never allow school integration in Georgia. • After he was elected, he admitted that he was wrong and integration must be done. • Vandiver asked the General Assembly to repeal segregation laws • Due to his leadership, school integration in Georgia went smooth compared to many other southern states.

10. 1961 – Atlanta City Schools allowed 9 black students into a previously all white high school. • According to the Civil Rights Act of 1964, the Federal Government refused to send federal funds to any school district that was segregated. • Many schools in the south turned down the federal funds • Desegregation of Georgia schools continued, and by 1971 all Georgia schools were completely desegregated.

11. Montgomery Bus Boycott • 1955 – Rosa Parks (former officer of the Montgomery NAACP) sat in the front of a Montgomery bus. • According to Jim Crow laws, blacks were supposed to sit in the back of the bus. • When she was asked to move, she refused and she was arrested and briefly jailed.

12. Martin Luther King Jr. staged a boycott of the bus system for the day of her trial. • Martin Luther King said boycott would continue until : • African-American passengers were treated with courtesy. • African-American drivers were assigned to primarily black routes. • Seating would be on a first-come, first-served basis. • Bus revenue fell 65 pecent • In response, Dr. King and 89 other civil rights leaders were found guilty of violating an outdated law that forbid boycotting. • King was saved when the Supreme Court upheld a district court ruling that made segregation on public transportation unconstitutional.

14. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. • Attended Booker T. Washington high school and Morehouse College in Atlanta. • Based on the ideas of Henry David Thoreau and Gandhi, King developed a 4 pronged approach to civil rights: • Direct, nonviolent actions • Legal remedies • Ballots • Economic boycotts

15. King moved back to Atlanta in 1961 and became the leader of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference. • Sit-in: type of demonstration where people enter a public building and refuse to leave until they are served or their demands are met.

16. Albany Movement • In 1961 (6 years after the Brown decision) schools in Albany, Georgia were still segregated and a small number of African-Americans were registered to vote. • Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee(a student founded civil rights organization) went to Albany to see if Albany was following federal laws. • They hosted a sit-in at the city bus station by sitting in the “whites only” waiting room. They were quickly arrested.

17. “Freedom Riders” • Blacks and whites formed a group to travel all over the south by bus to test whether or not these states were following federal laws. • “Freedom Riders” traveled to Albany • 500 people were jailed in Albany for these sit ins, which drew national media attention. • By the end of 1961, Albany formed a biracial committee to study the concerns of the African American community in Albany.

18. Civil Rights Act of 1964 • The most far reaching and important civil rights law since reconstruction. • Equal protection clause of the fourteenth Amendment was given greater influence: • Segregation of all public places illegal • Restaurants, hotels, theaters, parks, schools, libraries, etc. • Prohibited discrimination in business and labor unions

19. Voting Rights Act of 1965 • Outlawed discriminatory voting practices that had been responsible for the widespread disenfranchisement of African Americans in the U.S. • Congressintended the Act to outlaw the practice of requiring otherwise qualified voters to pass literacy tests in order to register to vote, a principal means by which Southern states had prevented African-Americans from exercising their right to vote. • Within 18 months, a million African Americans were added to the registers of voters in the South.

20. “Black Power” • After the passage of these 2 laws, many thought that nothing further could be accomplished throughnon-violent means. • Creation of the Black Panthers and Malcolm X became a prominent leader. • Preached black separatism, black pride and black self-dependence • Dr. King encouraged these groups to end the violence.

21. 1968 – Dr. King was speaking to a group in Memphis, TN. Speaking of the many death threats that he had received, he said: “It really doesn’t matter what happens to mea now because I’ve been to the mountain top… and I’ve looked over and seen the promised land. I may not get there with you…but we, as a people, will get to the promised land.”

22. The next day… • Dr. King was shot by a high powered rifle while standing on the balcony of his motel in Memphis, Tennessee. • James Earl Ray was convicted with the murder. • 99 years in prison

23. William Hartsfield • Served as the Mayor of Atlanta for 6 terms (1937-1941 and 1942-1961) • His leadership made Atlanta the aviation hub of the Southeast • Formed a biracial coalition with Dr. King to host voter registration drives (to encourage African-Americans to vote) • Hired blacks to work on the city police force. • Helped Atlanta become known as a city of racial moderation

24. Ivan Allen • Elected Mayor of Atlanta in 1962. • Ordered immediate removal of “Colored” and “White” signs in City Hall. • Integrated the fire department and city government. • Encouraged theaters to start allowing African-American patrons.

25. Rise of African Americans in Georgia Goverment • In 1969, Time Magazine called Atlanta an “oasis of tolerance” • Dr. Benjamin Mayes: First African-American to become a member of the Atlanta Board of Education • Maynard Jackson: first African-American to be elected as the Mayor of Atlanta • After Jackson Atlanta Mayors were: Andrew Young, Bill Campbell, Shirley Franklin, and Kasim Reed -- All African American

26. Andrew Young • Elected to the U.S. Senate in 1972 and as mayor of Atlanta in 1981. • Young won the mayoral reelection in 1985 but was defeated in a 1990 primary bid to become the Democratic candidate for governor of Georgia.