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CS 497C – Introduction to UNIX Lecture 2: Work with Files and Directories

CS 497C – Introduction to UNIX Lecture 2: Work with Files and Directories. Chin-Chih Chang chang@cs.twsu.edu. Working with Files and Directories. Many commands refers to files and directories. mkdir – creating a directory $ mkdir docs ls – listing files and directories $ ls docs

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CS 497C – Introduction to UNIX Lecture 2: Work with Files and Directories

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  1. CS 497C – Introduction to UNIXLecture 2: Work with Files and Directories Chin-Chih Changchang@cs.twsu.edu

  2. Working with Files and Directories Many commands refers to files and directories. mkdir – creating a directory $ mkdir docs ls – listing files and directories $ ls docs pwd – show your current directory

  3. Working with Files and Directories $ pwd /home/romeo • cd – change directory $ cd docs $ pwd /home/remeo/docs • echo – write its arguments to standard output $ echo This is the first message > note1 $ echo This is the second message > note2

  4. Working with Files and Directories $ ls note1 note2 • cat – concatenate and display files $ cat note1 This is the first message. • wc: couting lines, words and characters $ wc note1 1 5 26 notel $ wc –l note1 1 note1

  5. Working with Files and Directories • ls –l – checking the file attributes $ ls –l total 2 -rw-r--r-- 1 romeo staff 26 Aug 22 02:05 note1 -rw-r--r-- 1 romeo staff 27 Aug 22 02:06 note2 • man – find and display reference manual pages $ man ls

  6. How It All Clicked • Till UNIX came on scene, operating systems were designed with a particular machine in mind. Programs designed for one system simply wouldn’t run on another. • Ken Thompson and Dennis Ritchie designed and built a small system having an elegant file system, a command interpreter (the shell) and a set of utilities. • In 1973, they rewrote the entire system in C.

  7. How It All Clicked • UC Berkeley created BSD UNIX. • The other brands of UNIX: Xenix, BSDi, BSD/OS, FreeBSD, SunOS, Solaris, HP-UX, AIX, Ultrix, Digital UNIX, IRIX, SCO Open Server, SCO UnixWare. • AT&T unify their own System V 3.2, BSD, SunOS and XENIX into System V Release 4 (SVR4).

  8. The Internet • DARPA commissioned UCB to implement TCP/IP on BSD UNIX. • TCP/IP is a set of protocols used by the Internet for communication. • The incorporation of TCP/IP into UNIX and its use as the basis of development were two key factors in the rapid growth of the Internet (and UNIX).

  9. The Windows Threat • Windows – a graphical user interface (GUI) thatuses the mouse rather than arcane and complex command options to execute a job. • Windows first swept the desktop market (with Windows 3.1/95/98/Me) and then made significant inroads into the server market (with Windows NT/2000). • The MIT introduced X Window – the first windowing system for UNIX.

  10. Standards and POSIX • In 1992, AT&T’s UNIX business was sold to Novell. Novell then turned over the UNIX to X/OPEN. The Open Group published the single UNIX Specification. • The Portable Operating System Interface (POSIX)is a set of standard operating interfaces based on UNIX. • Most UNIX vendors cooperate with The Open Group and also build products based on the UNIX standard.

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