440 likes | 466 Views
Chapter 13 Alcohols, Phenols, Ethers; Thiols and Sulfides. Alcohol introduction: Hydrogen Bonding. Fig. 13-1, p. 505. Alcohol introduction: Types of Alcohols. Alcohol introduction: reaction of sp3 oxygen with strong acids. Table 13-1, p. 506. Fig. 13-2, p. 508. [elim]. [sub]. [sub].
E N D
Alcohol introduction: Hydrogen Bonding Fig. 13-1, p. 505
Alcohol introduction: reaction of sp3 oxygen with strong acids
[elim] [sub] [sub] Fig. 13-2, p. 508
Reactions • Substitution Reactions of Alcohols (review)A. Conversion to alkyl halides 1. 1° & 3° with strong acid
Reactions • Substitution Reactions of Alcohols (review)A. Conversion to alkyl halides 1. 1° & 3° with strong acid
Reactions • Substitution Reactions of Alcohols (review)A. Conversion to alkyl halides 1. 1° & 3° with strong acid 2. 1° & 2° with SOCl2, pyridine 3. 1° & 2° with PBr3.
Reactions • Substitution Reactions of Alcohols (review)A. Conversion to alkyl halides 1. 1° & 3° with strong acid 2. 1° & 2° with SOCl2, pyridine 3. 1° & 2° with PBr3 4. 1° & 2° with TsCl
Reactions • Substitution Reactions of Alcohols (review)A. Conversion to alkyl halides 1. 1° & 3° with strong acid 2. 1° & 2° with SOCl2, pyridine 3. 1° & 2° with PBr3 4. 1° & 2° with TsClProblem: Enantiomeric products from same starting material.
Reactions • Substitution Reactions of Alcohols (cont.)B. Formation of alkoxide ions • pKa’s of alcohols
Reactions • Substitution Reactions of Alcohols (cont.)B. Formation of alkoxide ions • pKa’s of alcohols 1. Strong Bases (NaH, NaNH2) 2. Metals (Na0)
Reactions • Substitution Reactions of Alcohols (cont.)B. Ether formation 1. Williamson Ether Synthesis a. Formation of alkoxides b. acyclic ethers c. cyclic ethers (including oxiranes) 2. Acid catalyzed ether formation
Reactions • Substitution Reactions of Alcohols (cont.)C. Protection 1. introduction to protection a. TMS ether
Reactions • Reactions of ethers.A. UnstrainedB. Oxiranes (epoxides) 1. basic / nucleophilic conditions •epoxy resins (what is in those two tubes)
Epoxy Resins Two substancesSubstance #1. diepoxy prepolymer.
Epoxy Resins Two substancesSubstance #1. diepoxy prepolymer.
Epoxy Resins Two tubesSubstance #1. diepoxy prepolymer.Substance #2. A polyamine (hardener, curing agent)
Reactions • Reactions of ethers.A. UnstrainedB. Oxiranes (epoxides) 1. basic / nucleophilic conditions •epoxy resins (what is in those two tubes) 2. acidic conditions a. 1° & 2° b. 3°
Reactions • Reactions of ethers.A. UnstrainedB. Oxiranes (epoxides) 1. basic / nucleophilic conditions •epoxy resins (what is in those two tubes) 2. acidic conditions a. 1° & 2° b. 3°C. Allyl Aryl Ethers (The Claisen Rearrangement)
Professor Rainer Ludwig Claisen (January 14, 1851 – January 5, 1930) was a famous German chemist best known for his work with condensations of carbonyls and sigmatropic rearrangements. He was born in Cologne as the son of a jurist and studied chemistry at the university of Bonn under August Kekulé, where he became a member of K.St.V. Arminia. He served in the army as a nurse in 1870-1871 and continued his studies at Göttingen University until he returned to the University of Bonn in 1872. He started his academic career at the same university in 1874. During his career he worked with other notable chemists, including the Noble Laureates Adolf von Baeyer and Emil Fischer. He died in 1930 in Godesberg am Rhein. In addition to the Claisen (1887) and Claisen-Schmidt (1881) condensations, the Claisen rearrangement (1912) and the Claisen isatin synthesis (1879), his name is associated with the Claisen flask and Claisen's rule which relates acidity to enolisation. http://www.chem.qmul.ac.uk/rschg/biog.html
Reactions • Preparation of alcohols From Alkenes (review) 1. Hydration (section 8.4) a. H2O + HX (Markovnikov) b. Oxymercuration (Markovnikov) c. Hydroboration & oxidation (anti-Markovnikov)
Reactions IV. Reduction and Oxidation reactions • oxidation states
[elim] [sub] [sub] Fig. 13-2, p. 508
[red] [red] [red] [red] Fig. 13-2, p. 508
[ox] [ox] [ox] [ox] Fig. 13-2, p. 508
Reactions V. Reduction and Oxidation reactions • oxidation states A. Alcohols From Carbonyl Compounds (reduction) 1. Hydride Reducing Agents 2. Grignard Reagents i. TMS protection
Reactions V. Reduction and Oxidation reactions • oxidation states A. Alcohols From Carbonyl Compounds (reduction) 1. Hydride Reducing Agents 2. Grignard Reagents • Alcohols To Carbonyl Compounds (oxidation) 1. CrO3, H2SO4 2. K2Cr2O7 3. PCC4. Dess – Martin Periodinane
A better way to oxidize alcohol? Cr(VI) reagents: 3–10 mg acutely poisonous for a 150-lb adult. An investigation into an illegal release of Cr(VI) into drinking water was the basis of the film Erin Brockovich.
Chemical Reaction 2 K2Cr2O7 + 3 CH3CH2OH + 8 H2SO4 2 Cr2 (SO4)3 + 2 K2SO4 + 3 CH3COOH + 11 H2O AgNO3
Spectroscopy of alcohols : Infrared Fig. 13-9, p. 536
Spectroscopy of alcohols : Infrared Fig. 13-10, p. 536
Spectroscopy of alcohols : NMR Fig. 13-11, p. 537
C5H10O p. 552
Spectroscopy of alcohols : Mass Spec Fig. 13-12, p. 538