THE WORKING CELL

1. THE WORKING CELL Unit 5

2. I. CELL TRANSPORT • A cell is defined as the smallest ______unit of life. In order to maintain __________,___________ must be moved into the cell and _________ must be transported out of the cell. In addition, some cells produce ____________ and other materials designated for export. All materials moving in and out of the cell must pass through the __________________, a _____________boundary found in ____ cells. working homeostasis nutrients wastes hormones Cell membrane Semi permeable all

3. Outside of cell Carbohydrate chains Proteins Cell membrane Inside of cell (cytoplasm) Protein channel Lipid bilayer

4. Weeee!!! high low There are two basic mechanisms for transport of materials into and out of the cell: • A.Passive Transport (pgs. 183 – 187) Does not require _____. Movement of substances from a ______concentration to _______. There are three types of passive transport: energy higher lower

5. Diffusion • 1.Diffusion – Due to the random movement of molecules in ______ or ________. Many substances move across the ______________ by diffusion, for example,________________. liquid gas cell membrane Perfume, food coloring, farts • diffusion clip

6. Facilitated Diffusion • 2. Facilitated Diffusion – Diffusion of _________________ through a _________________. Protein channels provide larger openings for larger molecules like _________________. Larger Molecules Protein channel Glucose, fructose, galactose • Clip of Facilitated Diffusion

7. Facilitated Diffusion Cont. • In addition, due to the __________ fatty acid tails that make up most of the phospholipid bilayer, _____ molecules and _________utilize protein channels. This includes _________, which utilizes specialized protein channels known as __________. Non-polar Polar ions Na and K aquaporins

8. Osmosis • 3.Osmosis – Diffusion of water from a______ water concentration to a __________ water concentration through a _____________ membrane. There are comparative terms used to describe the water versus solute concentration on either side of a membrane: high low Semi- permeable

9. Tonicity • Hypertonic = _________________ solute; ___________________ water • Hypotonic =__________________ solute; ___________________ water • Water always moves from ___________________ → _________________________ Increased concentration of Decreased concentration of Decreased concentration of Increased concentration of hypotonic hypertonic

10. Tonicity • Isotonic = Relative concentrations of _____________ and _____________ are ___________ • There will be ________ net movement of water if two solutions are isotonic solute water equal no

11. Tonicity

12. Cell Pressure Controls • Cells must have a mechanism for counteracting the pressure osmosis can create, otherwise a cell could swell & burst or explode when it is placed in a ____________ environment. • Cell Wall - Rigid boundary found in ________________, ______________, and _______________ cells • Contractile Vacuole - Actively ___________ water out of cell in single-celled organisms without _____________________ • Blood/Extracellular Fluid – Designed to be _______________ with cells hypotonic plants fungi bacteria pumps Cell walls isotonic

13. This is gonna be hard work!! high low ACTIVE TRANSPORT • B. Active Transport – Requires energy in the form of _____ (pgs. 188 – 189) ATP

14. Protein Pumps • 1.Protein Pumps – Energy-requiring process during which membrane proteins pump molecules across a membrane ___________________________from a _________ concentration to a _______concentration. An example is the sodium-potassium pump. Its purpose is to establish an ____________________ gradient in cells by pumping _______ sodium ions (______) out of the cell for every ______ potassium ions (_____) pumped into the cell. This slight _____charge inside the cell relative to the outside is very important for ____________________________ and___________________. againsta concentration gradient LOW HIGH Electrochemical 3 2 Na K K + - Muscle contraction Nerve impulses

15. Endocytosis • 2.Endocytosis – • “__________________”. Larger substances are moved into the cell from the exterior by extending____________, forming a _________ around the substance. • Examples include macrophages, amoeba, etc. Cell eating or sucking the cell membrane vesicle

16. Endocytosis

17. Exocytosis • 3.Exocytosis – • “_________________”. Export of molecules from the inside of the cell to the exterior of the cell by a _______ fusing with the cell membrane. Mechanism used to release ________ from cells Cell Pooping or spitting vesicle hormones

19. II. METABOLISM • There are countless numbers of chemical reactions occurring in every cell all the time. Virtually all of these reactions require the action of _____________, catalytic ___________________. A catalyst _________ a chemical reaction without being _____________________. An enzyme works by lowering the activation energy, that is the energy required to ____________________. protein enzymes Speeds up Used up in the reaction Get the reaction going

20. Enzymes share four common features: pH • A. Enzymes work best within a narrow _______ and ______________ range. This is because of the importance of the ______________ or ________________________ of the enzyme. When the pH or temperature is altered, the _________________________ and interactions are also changed, changing the shape of the enzyme. • B. Enzymes do not make a reaction happen that couldn’t happen on its own; they simply make the reaction occur much __________. temperature shape conformation Chemical bonds faster

21. used up in the reaction • C. Enzymes are not _________________________. The same enzyme may be used over and over again. • D. Enzymes are _____________________________. The substrate is the ________________________. The substrate fits into a portion of the enzyme called the _______________________. As the substrate fills the active site, this leads to a phenomenon known as _____________________________, almost like a ___________. It is this induced fit that is responsible for lowering the ________________________ of the reaction. substrate-specific reactant active site Induced fit Squeeze activation energy

22. ENZYMES

23. III. CHEMICAL ENERGY AND LIFE (pp. 201, 202) • A. Energy and Life • Energy is the ______________________. Cells require energy for _________________ reactions, ________________transport, cell ____________________, and maintaining __________________. We obtain energy from _______________, but most energy originally comes from the ________. Plants are able to capture the sun’s energy and use it to produce glucose, ____________. This process, known as _________________, occurs in the ___________________ of plant cells. The reaction for photosynthesis is:________________________________________ ability to do work metabolic active division homeostasis food sun C6H12O6 photosynthesis chloroplasts CO2 + H2O + energy  C6H12O6 + O2

24. Energy and Life • Plants and other organisms that can make their own food are known as ________________________. Humans and other organisms that have to obtain food are known as _____________________________. Although glucose is the preferred energy molecule for the cell, other _________________________, ___________, and __________ can also be broken down for energy. autotrophs heterotrophs lipids carbohydrates proteins

25. B. Chemical Energy • The chemical energy in food (and all molecules) is stored in the ____________________________. This is ___________________________ energy. When the bonds are broken and the ___________________ are released, some energy is lost as ___________, but a percentage of the potential energy can be converted to useable energy in the form of ____________. Food molecules cannot be used as a direct energy source for the cell because food contains too much energy ... if it were released all at once, it would be _______________ and ___________________. Chemical bonds potential electrons heat ATP wasteful destructive

26. C. ATP Adenosine TriPhosphate • __________________________________ is a ________________________ that is composed of: • ___________________ - nitrogen base • ___________________ - _______ carbon sugar • ______________________ • Energy is stored in ______________________________________. These “rechargeable batteries” are mostly present in the cell in two forms: nucleotide Adenine Ribose 5 Three Phosphate Groups Phosphate-phosphate bonds

27. ATP • ATP - ____________________________________. Has ___ phosphate groups. • ADP - ____________________________________. Has ____ phosphate groups. • ________ has the most phosphate bonds, and therefore contains the most _______________ or stored energy. Adenosine Triphosphate 3 Adenosine Diphosphate 2 ATP potential

28. Cells are able to use and recycle ATP by breaking off or adding a ______________ group. phosphate

29. ATP-ADP Cycle broken phosphate • 1. Energy can be used when a ___________ bond is ____________. • ________________________________________________________ • 2. Energy is stored; that is, ATP is “recharged” by ____________ a phosphate group to ___________. • ________________________________________________________ • *Under normal conditions, both of these processes are occurring at the _____________ and ______________ in a cell* ATPADP + P adding ADP ADP + P  ATP Same time All the time

30. IV. CELLULAR RESPIRATION - ___________ ENERGY PRODUCTION (pp. 221-223, 226-229) AEROBIC • Cellular respiration is the breakdown of _______________________ in the presence of _________________ to “make”___________. The oxygen required for cellular respiration is ___________ into the _________, __________ into the ____________, and is delivered to the __________________ of the body cells by ________________. The glucose needed is obtained through ____________________. The glucose is transported in the blood and enters the body cells via __________________________. glucose Oxygen O2 ATP inhaled lungs diffuses blood mitochondria Red blood cells digestion Facilitated diffusion and protein channels

31. There are two major parts to cellular respiration: “Sugar-breaking” • A. Glycolysis – Means __________________________. Occurs in the ____________________ of the cell. Glycolysis does not require ___________________. The splitting of glucose, or glycolysis, occurs very quickly with the aid of _____________________, producing two _______-C molecules known as _________________________. In addition, when the bonds of glucose are broken, the high energy electrons that are released are caught by ____________, a molecule that acts as an electron carrier. This electron energy will be converted to ATP later in the process. Glycolysis requires __________ ATP to occur, but results in the formation of _________ ATP, for a net ________________ of ________ ATP. • Reaction: _______________________________________________________________ • Net Energy Gain = _____________________ cytosol oxygen enzymes 3 Pyruvic acid NADH 2 gain 4 2 C6H12O6 + 2ATP  2 pyruvic acid + 4ATP + 2NADH 2ATP + 2 NADH

32. Oxidative Respiration • B. Oxidative Respiration – Glycolysis releases less than ¼ of the chemical energy stored in glucose. Most of its potential energy remains bound in the _________________ formed from glycolysis. In aerobic conditions, meaning ____ is available, the pyruvic acid formed from the breakdown of ___________________ during ______________________ enters the ______________________________ of the cell where the __________________ of oxidative respiration complete the breakdown of glucose to produce _________, _________, and __________. • Reaction: __________________________________________________ pyruvic acid O2 glycolysis glucose mitochondria enzymes CO2 H2O ATP 2 pyruvic acid + O2 CO2 + H2O + ATP

33. Oxidative respiration is a 2-part process: • 1.Krebs Cycle – Series of reactions that occur in the _______________________, in which the energy stored in ________________ is released in the form of high-energy ________________ when bonds are broken and pyruvic acid is completely broken down to ________. There are only ______ additional ATP produced in the Krebs Cycle; most of the energy released is captured in the form of electron energy, producing additional __________. In addition, a second type of electron carrier is utilized, producing 2 “filled” ____________. • Net Energy Gain = __________________________________________________ mitochondria pyruvic acid electrons CO2 2 NADH FADH2 2 ATP + 8NADH + 2 FADH2

34. Electron Transport Chain • 2.Electron Transport Chain – In this step, the electron carriers, ___________ and ___________ “dump” their electrons. These electrons are passed along a series of molecules embedded in the inner membrane of the ___________________ of _______________ cells. This same process occurs in the __________________ of __________________ cells. As the electrons “fall” down the ETC, the energy they release is used to power an enzyme known as _____________________, which attaches phosphate groups to _________ to produce _________. This process is known as _________________________________because__________________ must be present. It is the __________________ of oxygen that “pulls” the electrons down the ETC. As the electrons are collected by oxygen, ___________ is produced. • Net Energy Gain = ___________________ FADH2 NADH mitochondria eukaryotic cell membrane prokaryotic ATP synthase ADP ATP Oxadaitive phosphorylation oxygen electronegativity water ~ 32 ATP

35. Mitochondrion

36. ETC

37. Combined Reactions of Glycolysis + Oxidative Respiration (Krebs &ETC) =Cellular Respiration* __________________________________________________________ *Total ATP Yield Per Molecule of Glucose:* Glycolysis = _________ ATP Krebs Cycle = _________ ATP ETC = _________ ATP C6H12O6 + O2 CO2 + H20 + ~ 32 ATP 2 2 28

38. V. FERMENTATION - _______________________ ENERGY PRODUCTION (pp. 223, 224) ANEROBIC • Glycolysis is constantly occurring in the _____________ of every cell under _________________ conditions, meaning ___________________ is not required. The reaction for glycolysis is _____________________________ • Glycolysis is the first step for all cellular energy production cytosol anerobic oxygen C6H12O6  2 pyruvic acid + 2 ATP + 2 NADH

39. Glycolysis

40. Oxygen Available • If oxygen is available, _________________________________ follows glycolysis. Pyruvic acid is broken down to ______________ and _______ ATP are produced. Oxidative respiration 32 CO2 + H2O

41. Oxygen is not Available • If oxygen is not available, some types of cells have a back-up mechanism for glucose metabolism called ______________________. If a cell cannot switch to fermentation, it cannot survive without oxygen. • Cells that can carry out cellular respiration and fermentation are known as _______________________. • Cells that cannot switch to fermentation are known as _______________________. fermentation Facultative anaerobes Obligate aerobes

42. A. General Description In fermentation, the pyruvic acid formed during glycolysis does not enter the ________________, instead, the entire pathway takes place in the ________________. Fermentation does not produce any additional _____________, but the removal of ________________ from the cytosol allows the process of glycolysis and the net gain of _______ ATP to continue. mitochondria cytosol ATP pyruvic acid 2

43. B. Types of Fermentation • The 2 most common fermentation pathways used by cells are: 1.Lactic Acid Fermentation – Pyruvic acid is converted to __________. • May be utilized by: Lactic Acid

44. Fermentation • Human Muscle Cells – Occurs when demand on muscles exceeds supply of oxygen. As lactic acid builds up in the muscle cells, it is felt as ______________________. This is referred to as ________________. As activity slows, and oxygen is re-supplied, the muscle cells switch back to _______________________ and the lactic acid is sent to the ________to be broken down. • Bacteria & Fungi – There are some types of bacteria & fungi that carry out lactic acid fermentation in _______________________ conditions. This is utilized by the dairy industry to produce ___________ and _____________. Pain and fatigue Oxygen debt Cellular respiration liver anaerobic yogurt cheese

45. Alcoholic Fermentation • 2. Alcoholic Fermentation – Pyruvic acid is converted to _________ and _________.When oxygen supplies are depleted, ____________ and many bacteria switch to alcoholic fermentation. This process is used commercially for ____________________________ ____________________________________ alcohol CO2 yeast Brewing and baking C6H12O6  2 pyruvic acid + 2 ATP

46. **TOTAL ATP GAIN IN FERMENTATION = ________ ATP ** 2