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Review of Cell Division & Basic Genetic Principles. 1) For single-celled organisms to reproduce . 2) For multicellular organisms to grow and repair . 3) For the replacement of damaged cells . What is the Purpose of Cell Duplication?. The Cell Cycle.
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1) For single-celled organisms to reproduce.2) For multicellular organisms to grow and repair.3) For the replacement of damaged cells. What is the Purpose of Cell Duplication?
The Cell Cycle Most of the time, the cell is in Interphase • Cell growth, DNA replication PREPARATION FOR MITOSIS
The Cell Cycle (continued) G1 - growth phase 1 • cytokinesis (division of the cytoplasm), cell cytoplasm grows, organelles are reproduced. S - synthesis phase • DNA replication G2 -growth phase 2 • Growth and preparation for cell division. Mitosis • division of the nucleus (4 phases)
Some Important Terminology • Cells ‘normal’ chromosome number is known as the diploid number and is represented as 2N. • Diploid because all chromosomes belong to a set or pair. • Human diploid number is 46 23 pairs of chromosomes. • Cells can be 4N (tetraploid) just prior to mitosis. • Cells can also be 1N or haploid in the case of sperm or egg (meiosis).
Interphase:“Getting Ready for Mitosis” Because DNA must be split evenly between the two cells it initially replicates and condenses (coils up into tight bundles) into a chromosome - two sister chromatids separated by a centromere. Chromosome centromere sister chromatids
Chromosomes • During interphase are long thin strands known as chromatin • Upon replication, two strands of chromatin are joined at centromere • During prophase when they are visible, individual strands of chromosomes are called chromatids chromosome Centromere chromatid
Mitosis Stage 1:Prophase • Nuclear membrane disappears • chromatin fibres become short, thick and visible • centrioles move to opposite poles of cell creating spindle fibers and astral rays • NOTE – no centrioles in plant cells
Mitosis Stage 2:Metaphase • Chromatid fibres line up along the equatorial plate of cell. • Spindle fibres attach at the kinetochore, which is located at the centromere of each chromosome.
Mitosis Stage 3:Anaphase • Chromatid fibres are drawn towards the ends of the cell • centromeres replicate • Chromatids appear to follow the path made by the spindle fibres
Mitosis Stage 4:Telophase • Two new cells begin to form as cytoplasm pinches off at cleavage furrow • nuclear membrane forms around two new nuclei • spindle fibres, astral rays disappear • Cytokinesis = splitting of two daughter cells
Mitosis Video http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VlN7K1-9QB0
Mitosis in Plant Cells Similar to animal cell division, except: • nocentrioles • during telophase when two daughter cells form, cells are divided by cell plate
Structure of Genetic Material What do you think this is? DNA.. What is this short for? Deoxyribonucleic Acid
DNA, Chromatin, & Chromosomes DNA is part of a chromatin fibre, which condenses to form chromosomes.
DNA • a long, double stranded molecule, that contains the “information” of an organism • a gene is a segment of DNA that encodes for a specific piece of information/trait (e.g. the gene for eye colour) • a genome is the complete sequence of DNA in an organism. • The Secret of Life – The Discovery of DNA (Watson & Crick in 1953) • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sf0YXnAFBs8
Important Terminology • Sex Chromosome = a chromosome that determines the sex (male or female) of an organism. • Autosome = a chromosome that is not involved in determining the gender of an organism. • Chromatid = half of a chromosome • Sister Chromatid = one of the two duplicated chromosomes • Homologous Chromosomes = pairs of chromosomes carrying different forms of the same gene (e.g. one homologous pair encodes for blue eyes, the other homologous pair encodes for brown eyes, but they both encode for eye colour). • Allele = a different form of the same gene (e.g. one allele encodes for black hair vs. another allele that encodes for blonde hair).
