THE BIG SIX Exploring Social Studies through the Lens of Literacy

1. THE BIG SIXExploring Social Studies through the Lens of Literacy Nancy Blair nancy.blair@sreb.org

2. Establish Purpose of Literacy Strategies in Social Studies Explore Effective Literacy Strategies Practice Use of Strategies Today’s Objectives The Big Six: Exploring Social Studies through the Lens of Literacy

3. Why Do We Need an Across-the Curriculum Emphasis on Literacy? The Big Six: Exploring Social Studies through the Lens of Literacy

4. Using literacy strategies in content areasis about teaching students how to USEreading and writing as TOOLSforTHINKINGand LEARNING. The Big Six: Exploring Social Studies through the Lens of Literacy

5. Simple strategies that get kids to read and write. Read and write to learn the content of your class. Most require little or no extra planning. All are active engagement strategies. Strategies for Every Teacher The Big Six: Exploring Social Studies through the Lens of Literacy

6. A Marsden Giberter Glis was very fraper. She had dernarpen Farfle’s marsden. She did not talp a giberter for him. So, she conlanted to plimp a marsden binky for him. She had just sparved the binky when he jibbed in the gorger. “Clorsty marsden!” she boffed. “That’s a crouistish marsden binky,” boffed Farfle, “but my marsden is on Stansan. Agsan is Kelsan.” “In that ruspen,” boffed Glis, “I won’t vank you your giberter until Stansan.” (Farfle) • Why was Glis fraper? • What did Glis plimp? • Who jibbed in the gorger when Glis sparved the binky? • Why didn’t Glis vank Farfle his giberter? It isn’t Stansan The Big Six: Exploring Social Studies through the Lens of Literacy

7. Vocabulary marsden=birthday giberter=present binky=card The Big Six: Exploring Social Studies through the Lens of Literacy

8. What’s the story? Now that you know some of the words, can you figure out what the story is about? What are synonyms for some of the other gibberish words? A Marsden Giberter Glis was very fraper. She had dernarpen Farfle’s marsden. She did not talp a giberter for him. So, she conlanted to plimp a marsden binky for him. She had just sparved the binky when he jibbed in the gorger. “Clorsty marsden!” she boffed. “That’s a crouistish marsden binky,” boffed Farfle, “but my marsden is on Stansan. Agsan is Kelsan.” “In that ruspen,” boffed Glis, “I won’t vank you your giberter until Stansan.” The Big Six: Exploring Social Studies through the Lens of Literacy

9. The “Big Six” Reading Skills WP 1-3 The Big Six: Exploring Social Studies through the Lens of Literacy

10. The Six • Summarizing • Paraphrasing • Categorizing • Inferring • Predicting • Recognizing Academic Vocabulary The Big Six: Exploring Social Studies through the Lens of Literacy

11. How do we know these are important? • Direct links to most items on ASSET/COMPASS reading placement tests. • Included in ACT • Consistently in state standards • Recognized by postsecondary faculty for importance • Linked to all content areas • Linked to careers The Big Six: Exploring Social Studies through the Lens of Literacy

12. Summarizing • One of strategies on Marzano’s list of effective instructional strategies • Only skill identified in both Reading Next and Writing Next as improving essential literacy skills • Essential in research and other expository writing The Big Six: Exploring Social Studies through the Lens of Literacy

13. SREB Literacy Acrossthe Curriculum: MAKING MIDDLE GRADES WORK Setting and Implementing Goalsfor Grades Six through 12 Southern RegionalEducationBoard 592 10th St. N.W.Atlanta, GA 30318(404) 875-9211www.sreb.org SITE DEVELOPMENT GUIDE #12 Strategies to teach summarizing • Jigsaw • Paired Questioning • GIST • KWL • Cornell Notes • Reciprocal Teaching • predicting, questioning, clarifying, and summarizing The Big Six: Exploring Social Studies through the Lens of Literacy

14. Simple Jigsaw A method of Collaborative Learning designed to increase student’s sense of responsibility by making each one an expert on one part of a whole. The student then teaches the part for which she/he has become an expert to the other members of his/her team or group. WP 21 The Big Six: Exploring Social Studies through the Lens of Literacy

15. Simple Jigsaw Process 4. Assessment 1. Teaching / Reading 3. Team Reports 2. Talk (Expert Groups) 5. Team Recognition The Big Six: Exploring Social Studies through the Lens of Literacy

16. Expert Group • Summarize the main idea(s) of your article. • Give a specific example of how this information can be applied to your content area. • Develop one question that you feel would be most appropriate for a quiz / test.

17. Cornell Note-taking Step 1:Draw a grid with 3 sections (Two Column Notes) Step 3:Identifykeyconceptsor questions Step 2:During lesson, take notes here; useabbreviations Step 4:Summarize lesson here The Big Six: Exploring Social Studies through the Lens of Literacy

18. Summarizing and Note-taking Students should learn to delete unnecessary information, substitute some information, keep important information, write / rewrite, and analyze information. EXAMPLES: Teacher models summarization techniques, identify key concepts, bullets, outlines, clusters, narrative organizers, journal summaries, break down assignments, create simple reports, quick writes, graphic organizers, column notes, etc. The Big Six: Exploring Social Studies through the Lens of Literacy

19. Identifying Key Ideas – Rule-Based Strategy • Delete trivial material that is unnecessary to understanding; • Delete redundant material; • Substitute superordinate terms for lists (e.g., “flowers” for “daisies, tulips, and roses”); and • Select a topic sentence, or invent one if it is missing. The Big Six: Exploring Social Studies through the Lens of Literacy

20. Newspaper Strategy Who: What: Where: When: Why: How: The Big Six: Exploring Social Studies through the Lens of Literacy

21. WP 21-23 Other Summarizing Strategies Outlining Acrostic Poem Patterned Writing ABC Chart – key words Pyramid Summarizing GIST The Big Six: Exploring Social Studies through the Lens of Literacy

22. Paraphrasing • Reduces plagiarism—considered one of the biggest academic “crimes” • Show adaptation for audience and purpose—essential writing skills • Reflects a deeper understanding of material The Big Six: Exploring Social Studies through the Lens of Literacy

23. Strategies to teach paraphrasing • Jigsaw • Paired Questioning • KWL • Cornell Notes The Big Six: Exploring Social Studies through the Lens of Literacy

24. Categorizing • Ability to group information into manageable chunks • Essential for study skills • Mandatory for problem analysis and solution—especially in workplace or laboratory • Only easy for naturalist intelligence—must be taught to others The Big Six: Exploring Social Studies through the Lens of Literacy

25. Strategies to teach categorizing • KWL • Graphic Organizers • Concept Definition Map • Frayer Model • Cornell Notes • Sorting activities The Big Six: Exploring Social Studies through the Lens of Literacy

26. Concept Definition Mapping What is it? (definition) What is it like? Comparison/Contrast The Word Democracy What are some examples? Source: http://www.tsssa.org/Downloads/Spring07Conference/JohnDavid/DavidVocab.ppt The Big Six: Exploring Social Studies through the Lens of Literacy

27. CategoryWhat is it? PropertiesWhat is it like? climate less than 25 cm. of rainfall no cloud cover; winds dry land Source: http://www.tsssa.org/Downloads/Spring07Conference/JohnDavid/DavidVocab.ppt rain forest desert heat radiates into dry air at night Comparisons Mojave Gobi Sahara IllustrationsWhat are some examples? The Big Six: Exploring Social Studies through the Lens of Literacy

28. The Frayer Model Definition (in own words) Characteristics Source: http://www.tsssa.org/Downloads/Spring07Conference/JohnDavid/DavidVocab.ppt WORD Examples (from own life) Non-examples (from own life) The Big Six: Exploring Social Studies through the Lens of Literacy

29. The Frayer Model Definition (in own words) Characteristics (To become more durable) To ingrain so well in my memory that I will not forget. Source: http://www.tsssa.org/Downloads/Spring07Conference/JohnDavid/DavidVocab.ppt Perdurable Examples (from own life) Non-examples (from own life) The Big Six: Exploring Social Studies through the Lens of Literacy

30. Essential Characteristics Characteristics • Some individual freedom • Political parties • President • Written Constitution • Jury trials • Individual freedom • Voting • Due Process of Law • Majority Rule/Minority Rights • Equality before the law • Private property rights Limited Government Examples Non-examples • China • Cuba • Libya • Iraq (under Saddam Hussein) • Iran • North Korea • United States • Great Britain • Germany • India • Mexico • Japan • Australia The Big Six: Exploring Social Studies through the Lens of Literacy

31. Inferring • Reading “between the lines” • Encourages connection within a text, across texts and to other contexts • Shows that a reader “really gets it” The Big Six: Exploring Social Studies through the Lens of Literacy

32. Strategies to teach inferring • RAFT (p. 20) • Questioning the Author • It Says . . . I Say . . . So The Big Six: Exploring Social Studies through the Lens of Literacy

33. RAFT Examples for Social Studies http://www.tantasqua.org/Superintendent/Profdevelopment/etraft.html

34. Questioning the Author • What is the author trying to tell you? • Why is the author telling you that? • Is it said clearly? • How might the author have written it more clearly? • What would you have wanted to say instead? After reading a passage, students ask themselves: Source: http://www.sdesa6.org/content/docs/StrategiestoHelpReadersThroughInferences.pdf The Big Six: Exploring Social Studies through the Lens of Literacy

35. Questioning the Author • Does this follow with what the author said before? • What does the author take for granted that we already know? • Did the author tell us why? • Why do you think the author included this information? After students gain skills at making inferences, you might add some of the following questions: Source: http://www.sdesa6.org/content/docs/StrategiestoHelpReadersThroughInferences.pdf The Big Six: Exploring Social Studies through the Lens of Literacy

36. It Says . . . I Say . . . So Source: http://www.sdesa6.org/content/docs/StrategiestoHelpReadersThroughInferences.pdf The Big Six: Exploring Social Studies through the Lens of Literacy

37. It Says . . . I Say . . . So Source: http://www.sdesa6.org/content/docs/StrategiestoHelpReadersThroughInferences.pdf The Big Six: Exploring Social Studies through the Lens of Literacy

38. Predicting • Form of inferencing • Requires support for prediction • Forward thinking based on backward knowledge • Required to solve non-routine problems in the real world The Big Six: Exploring Social Studies through the Lens of Literacy

39. Strategies to teach predicting • KWL • Story Impressions • Anticipation Guides (p. 9) • Visual Prediction Guide • Reciprocal Teaching • predicting, questioning, clarifying, and summarizing The Big Six: Exploring Social Studies through the Lens of Literacy

40. General Topic: Question: Question: Question: NOTES: NOTES: NOTES: Thinking through the Reading Assignment Take 90 seconds to quickly scan your reading assignment. Use the headings, pictures, and other clues you get from this scan to develop some questions about the reading. Then, as you read the assignment, take notes that answer each of the questions. WP 4

41. ABC Predicting Chart In 2 minutes, list all the words/phrases you can think of related to political campaigning. Set it aside. 0:10 0:09 0:08 0:07 0:06 0:05 0:04 0:03 0:02 0:01 STOP 0:20 0:19 0:17 0:24 0:16 0:15 0:14 0:13 0:12 0:11 0:30 0:29 0:28 0:27 0:26 0:25 0:18 0:52 0:23 0:21 1:00 0:40 0:39 0:38 0:37 0:36 0:35 0:34 0:33 0:32 0:31 0:50 0:49 0:48 0:47 0:46 0:45 0:44 0:43 0:42 0:41 0:59 0:58 0:57 0:56 0:55 0:54 1:51 2:00 0:51 1:21 1:09 1:08 1:07 1:06 1:05 1:04 1:03 1:02 1:01 1:20 1:19 1:23 1:18 1:16 1:29 1:24 1:25 1:26 1:27 1:15 1:28 1:30 1:11 1:12 1:13 1:14 0:53 1:17 0:22 1:22 1:10 1:39 1:38 1:37 1:36 1:35 1:34 1:33 1:32 1:31 1:50 1:49 1:48 1:47 1:46 1:45 1:44 1:43 1:42 1:41 1:59 1:58 1:57 1:56 1:55 1:54 1:53 1:52 1:40 The Big Six: Exploring Social Studies through the Lens of Literacy

42. Recognizing academic vocabulary • Separates success for second-language students • Technical language (jargon) • Understanding roots and affixes The Big Six: Exploring Social Studies through the Lens of Literacy

43. Strategies for teaching vocabulary • Vocabulary Clues • Concept Definition Map • Frayer Model WP 14-17, 19 The Big Six: Exploring Social Studies through the Lens of Literacy

44. Vocabulary Development Not ALL terms are critically important! ALL • So how do we decide what to put on our list? • Resources Collection- • National Standards • State Standards • Local resources The Big Six: Exploring Social Studies through the Lens of Literacy

45. FIGURE 7.1 Estimated Number of Terms That Can Be Taught at Various Grade Levels Grade Level Number of Words Per Week Total Words in 32 Weeks Cumulative Total 6 15 480 1,216 7 20 640 1,856 8 20 640 2,496 Vocabulary Development NOT per subject! • Adapted from Marzano’s book, Building Background Knowledge for Academic Achievement The Big Six: Exploring Social Studies through the Lens of Literacy

46. Vocabulary Instruction – Beyond Just the Dictionary Some Examples • Concept Definition Maps • Visual and Virtual Word Association • Frayer Model The Big Six: Exploring Social Studies through the Lens of Literacy

47. Vocabulary Term Visual Representation Personal Association or Characteristic Definition Verbal and Visual Word Association Source: http://www.tsssa.org/Downloads/Spring07Conference/JohnDavid/DavidVocab.ppt The Big Six: Exploring Social Studies through the Lens of Literacy

48. Manifest Destiny Source: http://www.tsssa.org/Downloads/Spring07Conference/JohnDavid/DavidVocab.ppt The belief in the 19th century that the U.S. would, and had the right to, inevitable expand westward all the way to the Pacific Ocean. Destined to get bigger. The Big Six: Exploring Social Studies through the Lens of Literacy

49. Visual Representation Latitude Definition Personal Association or Characteristic Source: http://www.tsssa.org/Downloads/Spring07Conference/JohnDavid/DavidVocab.ppt The Big Six: Exploring Social Studies through the Lens of Literacy

50. Vocabulary Foldable Most useful for related pairs of words or pairs of words that are often confused. Sheet of Paper Fold the paper in half then fold the top half down to form a quarter and the bottom half up for another quarter.