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ANNOUNCEMENTS

ANNOUNCEMENTS. Course evaluation questions are NOW available on Blackboard. Please complete and submit your course evaluation before the end of this week. Review Session Tues & Wed at 5:00 (216 Long) Review Session Sunday (12/9)—7:00 pm Brackett with Dr. Kosinski

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ANNOUNCEMENTS

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  1. ANNOUNCEMENTS Course evaluation questions are NOW available on Blackboard. Please complete and submit your course evaluation before the end of this week. Review Session Tues & Wed at 5:00 (216 Long) Review Session Sunday (12/9)—7:00 pm Brackett with Dr. Kosinski Questions or special concerns for Final (Tues. 12/11, 3:00 pm) email Dr. Kosinski (rjksn@clemson.edu)

  2. HUMAN EVOLUTION • Kingdom Animalia • Phylum Chordata • Class Mammalia • Order Primates • Family Hominidae • Homo sapiens

  3. HUMAN EVOLUTION • Relationships among Primates

  4. Relationships among old-world primates • Humans share most recent common ancestor with great apes = Hominidae

  5. Characteristics shared by humans and apes • -Skull characteristics • Elongated skull with flattened face, enlarged brain case, enlarged brow ridges

  6. Primate hands and feet • Grasping hands, • Opposable thumbs

  7. Fig 14.4 Molecular similarities mtDNA Y-linked testis protein -Hb noncoding regions

  8. Genetic differences between humans, chimpanzees and gorillas 2N = 46 2N = 48

  9. Differences between humans and chimps • Patterns of gene expression • in brain tissues varies • greatly between humans • and chimpanzees

  10. Tracing the hominin family tree

  11. Lucy

  12. Ardepithecusramidus Discovered in Ethiopia in 1994 Fossils of over 130 different individuals have been discovered 4.4 MYA Miocene origin thru Pliocene Shares many features with Australopithecus and Homo Changes our inference about the basal hominid ancestor

  13. Shared characteristics of Ardi and Homo • -bipedalism • Femur has long neck with groove on the back • -provides muscle attachment for upright walking • Foramen magnum is below the skull and holds neck upright

  14. Evidence of bipedalism 6 Mya Position of foramen magnum gorilla human

  15. -Dentition and jaw morphology • Small, more incisor-like canines in hominins • Large canines in chimps Chimp A. afarensis Human

  16. Important Traits of A. ramidus • Bipedal, but still spent time in trees • Lived in woodland habitat • Opposable big toe • Head atop of spine • Omnivore • No large upper canine tooth (lacks Sectorial Canine Complex) • Chimpanzee/human last common ancestor? Chimp

  17. Gracile Australopithecines • 4.4 -- 2.4 Myr ago

  18. Australopithecusafarensis, “Lucy” Hadar, Ethiopia

  19. Footprints of Australopithecusafarensis

  20. Lucy (3.5 Mya) short pelvis, elongate lumbar vertebrae

  21. Summary of fossil evidence Wood, 2002

  22. Origin and Evolution of Homo--African Origin

  23. H. sapiens H. erectus H. habilis

  24. Recent Homo--Out of Africa • H. sapiens • 0.3 Mya -- present • Worldwide • H. neanderthalensis, • H. heidelbergensis • 0.6 -- 0.03 Mya • Europe and W. Asia, • Old World • H. erectus • 1.2 -- 0.4 Mya • Eastern Asia

  25. Recent Homo sites

  26. Fig 14.14 Human mtDNA • deepest branches among African pops • “mitochondrial Eve” in Africa • divergence time approx. 200,000 yr ago

  27. Conclusions about origins of Homo and spread of modern humans • 1. hominid origins in Africa • 2. Homo and some Australopithecusspp coexisted at same time • 3. some Homo left Africa, ~ 1.5 Mya • 4. present-day H. sapiens genetic variation is recent in origin (< 200,000 yrs) • 5. modern races of humans are based on phenotypic and social differences, not deeply divergent genetic differences

  28. What maintains cultural differences among human populations? • Cultural evolution: transmission of language, religious practices, technology, beliefs and customs from one generation to the next by learning • Positive assortative • mating

  29. Evolution of uniquely human traits • A. Tool Use • 1. Oldowan stone tools--Hadar, Ethopia, 2.3 mya (Homo or Paranthropus?) Sharp-edged Flakes Hand-held Chopper

  30. B. Language • 1. Modifications of the larynx unique to humans • -lower position of larynx in throat allows for articulation of vowel sounds • 2. Culture-specific symbols • -Cave drawings in Germany and France ~32,000 ya • 3. Evidence of potential for speech in H. neanderthalensis • --Neandertal hyoid is virtually identical to present-day humans

  31. Neandertals could talk? • 60,000 ya Neandertal hyoid bone from fossil in Israel suggests descended larynx Chimpanzee hyoid Neandertal hyoid

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