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Lecture 2

Lecture 2. Production, Utilization, and Storage of Grains in the US. Conversion Table. Metric Tons (MT) to Bushels (Bu) Wheat & Soybeans = MT x 36.7437 Corn, sorghum, Rye = MT x 39.36825 Barley = MT x 45.929625 Oats = MT x 68.894438 Metric Tons (MT) to Hundredweight (CWT)

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Lecture 2

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  1. Lecture 2 Production, Utilization, and Storage of Grains in the US

  2. Conversion Table • Metric Tons (MT) to Bushels (Bu) • Wheat & Soybeans = MT x 36.7437 • Corn, sorghum, Rye = MT x 39.36825 • Barley = MT x 45.929625 • Oats = MT x 68.894438 • Metric Tons (MT) to Hundredweight (CWT) • Rice = MT x 22.04622 • Area and Weight • 1 Hectare = 2.471044 Acres • 1 Kilogram (kg) = 2.204622 Pounds (lb)

  3. Grain Production: World Vs. US • Wheat • Coarse grains (corn, barley, oats, sorghum, rye, millet, mixed grains). • Rice • Soybeans • Area harvested (Million hectares). • Yield per hectare (Metric tons/hectare). • Quantity of grain harvested (Million metric tons).

  4. Wheat: 1998/99 Estimate • Yield varied from 0.52 MT/ha (Kazakstan) to 7.66 MT/ha (France). • China, Russia, and India harvested wheat from 30, 26, 27 Mil ha. • Production in these 3 countries: 110, 27, 66 MMT, respectively. • Major exporters: France, UK, Germany, Canada, US, Australia, • Argentina. • Major importers: China, FSU-12, EE-Poland, Romania, Egypt, • Morocco, Brazil.

  5. Corn: 1998/99 Estimate • Yield varied from 1.03 MT/ha (Zimbabwe) to 8.96 MT/ha (Italy). • US is number 1 in acreage and production of corn in the world. • China harvested corn from 24.25 Mil ha; production was 124 MMT. • Major exporters: Argentina, South Africa, Thailand (prod. 4.3-14 • MMT) and US. • Major importers: EU-France, Italy; FSU-12 (Russia, Ukraine), EE- • Yugoslavia, Romania.

  6. Barley: 1998/99 Estimate • Yield varied from 0.61 MT/ha (Kazakstan) to 6.65 MT/ha (France). • Russia is number 1 in acreage (11.3 Mil ha); production is slightly • more than that of US (9.8 MMT). • Canada is number 1 in production (12.7 MMT) followed by • Germany (12.51 MMT). Canada’s acreage is 2X of US (4.27 Mil • ha).

  7. Oats: 1998/99 Estimate • Yield varied from 0.88 MT/ha (Russia) to 4.84 MT/ha (Germany). • Acreage harvested among countries: < 1.6 Mil ha, except Russia (5. 2 • Mil ha). • Russia number 1 in production (4.6 MMT), followed by Canada • (3.96 MMT), and the US. • Major exporters: Argentina, Canada, Australia.

  8. Rye: 1998/99 Estimate • Yield varied from 0.87 MT/ha (Russia) to 5.12 MT/ha (Denmark). • Russia is number 1 in acreage (3.8 Mil ha), followed by Poland (2.29 • Mil ha). Acreage harvested among countries: 0.04-3.8 Mil ha). • Poland is number 1 in production (5.66 MMT), followed by • Germany (4.78 MMT), and Russia (3.30 MMT). • Major exporter: Canada.

  9. Sorghum: 1998/99 Estimate • Yield varied from 0.3 MT/ha (Niger) to 4.53 MT/ha (Argentina). • Nigeria (6.6 Mil ha) and Sudan (5.2 Mil ha) are number 1 and 2 in • the world in acreage harvested. US is 3rd in acreage harvested. • US is number 1 in production of sorghum (13.21 MMT). Nigeria is a • distant second (7.30 MMT) in the world.

  10. Rice: 1998/99 Estimate • Yield varied from 1.87 MT/ha (Nigeria) to 8.96 MT/ha (Egypt). • India is number 1 in acreage harvested (43.42 Mil ha) followed by • China (31.77 Mil ha). • China (140.49 MMT) and India (82.30 MMT) are number 1 and 2, • respectively, in production. • Major exporters: Vietnam, Thailand, Burma, and Pakistan. • Major importers: EU, Indonesia, South Korea, Iran, and Nigeria.

  11. Soybeans: 1997/98 Estimate • Yield varied from 0.69 MT/ha (Russia) to 2.76 MT/ha (Argentina). • US is number 1 in acreage harvested (27.97 Mil ha), followed by • Brazil (13 Mil ha). • US (73.18 MMT) and Brazil (32.50 MMT) are number 1 and 2 in • production. • Major exporters: Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay.

  12. Major Grain and Soybean Production Regions in the US

  13. Production Rank 1. KS 2. ND 3. MT 4. WA 5. OK

  14. Production Rank 1. IA 2. IL 3. NE 4. MN 5. IN

  15. KS TX NE MO OK Production Rank 1. KS 2. TX 3. NE 4. MO 5. OK

  16. Production Rank 1. ND 2. WI 3. SD 4. MN 5. IA

  17. Production Rank 1. AR 2. CA 3. LA 4. TX 5. MI

  18. Production Rank 1. IA 2. IL 3. MN 4. IN 5. OH

  19. Utilization of Grains in the US

  20. Wheat • Processes about 36% of its total wheat produced. About 25-42% is exported. • End uses: • Flour (various types and blends). • Animal feed • Wheat starch (fruit pie fillings, gravy mixes, adhesives, syrups) • Amylose in starch: biodegradable films (sausage casings).

  21. Corn • About 63% consumed as animal feed (grain, silage, corn gluten meal, various extruded feeds). • 21% exported. • 16% for food, alcohol, and industrial purposes. • 0.2% for planting seed.

  22. Barley • Animal feed (hay, silage, and swine feed; B-glucans reduce cholesterol in chickens) • Brewing • Human food (popped, barley flakes, sprouts, sweeteners, malt, infant food syrups)

  23. Oats • Mostly used as livestock feed. • High protein unlike barley. • Hot cereals, cold cereals, bread products, cookies, infant foods. • High in soluble fiber.

  24. Sorghum • Wet milling: gluten and starch. • Syrups from starches. • Dry milled products used for making “tortilla” type products. • Ethanol (1 bu produces 2.5 gal. of alcohol). • Beer and malt. • Blended with other flours for baked and pasta products

  25. Rice • Food (consumption in US increasing). • Directly as cooked rice. • Processed foods (cereals, soups, baby food, etc.). • Brewing (beer). • Rice bran and germ as livestock feed. • Rice hulls as poultry littering material.

  26. Rye • Rye flour for bread, snack type crackers, pan cake, waffle mixes. • Whiskey. • Manufacture of paper. • Adhesives • Straw for animals. • May contain poisonous substances (ergot, resorcinols, phytates, and enzyme inhibitors).

  27. Soybeans • Various soy foods • Soymilk, tofu, Yuba. • Fermented foods • Soy paste, sauce, tempeh, • Oil (20% oil mc-free basis) • Defatted meal (40% protein mc-free basis) • 1 MT of soybeans = $ 160 of meal & $ 80 of oil. • Burgers

  28. References on Utilization of Cereal Grains • Lorenz, K, J. and K. Kulp. (Eds.). 1991. Handbook of cereal science and technology, Marcel Dekker, Inc. New York, 882 pp. • KeShun Liu. 1997. Soybean: chemistry, technology, and utilization. Chapman and Hall, New York, 532 pp.

  29. Harvest and Storage of Grain • Harvest occurs once. • Storage occurs multiple times after harvest. • Raw grain: Farm to processor. • Processed grain: Processor to consumer. • Deterioration can occur anywhere throughout this continuum (harvest to consumption).

  30. Stored-Grain Ecosystem • Ecosystem = Ecological system. • Artificial, transient ecosystem. • Biotic community, abiotic environment, and their interactions. • Population: A group of individuals of a species. • Habitat: Designated area (bag of seed, silo, many silos, etc.)

  31. Stored-Grain Ecosystem: Objectives • Preserve maximum amount of the harvested crop in the best possible condition for the longest time. • Quantity, quality, storability.

  32. Decomposition of Stored Grain • Differences between Less developed or developing countries and developed countries.

  33. Management of Stored Grain in Developing Countries • Wide variety of structures used. • Climatic conditions conducive for biological organisms that cause spoilage. • Low income of the farmers. • Lack of knowledge and training.

  34. Management options for small farmers • Waterproofing granaries (flood and rain water). • Rodent-proofing. • Cleaning (structures and grain). • Drying (12-13%). • Cooling (proper building materials to reduce natural radiation). • Protectants. • Regular inspections.

  35. Traditional Storage Systems

  36. Underground Storage Systems

  37. Storage Systems in Developed Countries

  38. Reading Assignment • Chapters 4 (Development of storage techniques) and 5 (Whole grain storage) from D. B. Sauer’s Book.

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