Histology of the Reproductive Systems

1. Histology of the Reproductive Systems David Begg Division of Anatomy

2. Function of Female Reproductive System • Production of female gametes • Reception of male gametes • Site for fertilization • Transport of fertilized zygote • Site for development of embryo • Mechanism of parturition (where it leaves uterus) • Nutrition of newborn

3. Functions of Male Reproductive System • Production of male gametes • Delivery of male gametes

4. Components of Female System • Ovaries- gamete production • Genital tract: • Fallopian tubes- fertilization & transport of ovum • Uterus- implantation and development of fetus • Vagina- copulation & birth canal (during parturition) • Mammary Glands- nutrition of newborn

5. Components of Male System • Testes- produce spermatozoa • Paired System of Ducts- transport gametes • Glands- secrete seminal fluid and lubrication into ducts • Penis- organ of copulation

6. Functions of the Male & Female Reproductive Systems

7. Gonads • Produce male & female gametes • Ovaries- ova • Testes- spermatozoa • Are also endocrine glands • Ovaries- estrogen & progesterone • Testes- testosterone • Functions of sex hormones • Regulate functions of reproductive systems • Generate secondary sex characteristics • Generate libido

8. Differences in Production of Gametes • Male • Spermatozoa continuously produced from spermatogonia (stem cells in testes). Need testosterone to make spermatozoa but even when the levels drop, it is still enough to make them. • Spermatogenesis occurs from puberty until ?? • Female • All oogonia converted to primary oocytes during fetal development • Maturation of oocytes occurs from puberty until menopause (~50 yrs.)

9. Spermatogenesis spermatogonia Synapsis: mother And father chroms Exchange information And lock together – tetrads Grow a tail, add some Mitochondria, condense Nucleus, get rid of cytoplasm And organelles

10. Oogenesis Stuck in prophase1 Division causes one big oocyte with a lot of cytoplasm and one with very little – trying to preserve the nutrients. Do this twice

11. Differences in Maturation of Gametes • Oocyte capable of fertilization and development when ovulated • Sperm undergo maturation process in epididymis (must pass through epididymus before they can become motile) • Sperm undergo capacitation process in female reproductive tract • Increased metabolic rate • Increased motility • Develop capacity to fertilize egg

12. Female Reproductive System

13. Ovary – things that look like cysts are follicles, only one will get so big that its wall will merge with the surface of the ovary, wall will rupture and meet with the surface Hilus Cortex Cortex Medulla

14. Follicles Follicles

15. Corpus Luteum – full of steroids (developed from follicle after the follicle ovulated, makes estrogen and progesterone Corpus Luteum

16. Stromal cells: general cell of a tissue. They are like fibroblasts. Around each oocyte is a single layer of flattened cells called Follicle cells: Local stromal cells that were recruited to make a single flat layer around each primary oocyte. Indication for development: Oocyte gets bigger, and the single layer of cells turns into cuboidal cells. Once these cells begin to plump up, they are called granulosa cells. See next slide. Primary Oocytes Stromal Cells Follicle Cells Primordial Follicle

17. Zona pellucida separates the oocyte from glanulosa cells. Zona is made up of 3 glycoproteins, that are meant to help in ovulation. Once one sperm has gotten through. The egg changes the zona pellucida to contain substances that prevent the enzymes that get throuhg the wall. Granulosa Cells Oocyte Zona Pellucida Primary Follicle

18. Primordial Antral Follicle Primary Antral Before developing primordial follicle, have primary follicle. When fluid builds up, have an antral follicle. Antral Follicle

19. Egg is sitting in mound of granulosa cells – called the cloud. Stromal cells have wrapped themselves around the follicle. Oocye breaks away from column of cells but the cells that surround it will go with it. Mature Follicle Cumulus Oophorus

20. This oocyte has finished its first meiotic division.This is what the egg looks like when it Is ovulating. Oocyte

21. Ovulation This is an ovulated/ mature follicle. It has fused with the surface of the ovary. All of the jelly like content is being extruded and is waiting to be picked up by the fallopian tube.

22. Fallopian Tube Ampulla = expanded part of the fallopian tube. Mucousa lining the ampulla is highly amplified. This is so that you have filled up the lumen that is ciliated – to transport the ooctye. This is where fertilization takes place. It gets less complex as you go further down the tube. Takes 5-6 days to get to the uterus.

23. Male Reproductive System

24. Testis Outer surface of the testes is a layer of dense connective tissue – tunic albiginea. There are highly coiled seminiferous tubules (sperm producing) in each section. Each connects to a network of tubules called the redy testis. This connects to the epididymus by short ducts called afferent ducts- this is where they mature. Then they enter the ductus deferens where they are ejected. Bacterium can get into the seminiferus tubules. It is lined by an epithelium.

25. Testis Thick purple- Tunica Albiginea RT is the Ready testis

26. Seminiferous Tubules

27. Seminiferous Tubule Interstitial Cells Spermatogenic Cells Spermatozoa

28. Hard to find secondary spermatocytes becausethey are too short lived – about 3 hours. Spermatids are haploid. Spermatocytes Spermatogonia Primary Spermatocytes Spermatids

29. They make the epithelium. The spermatogonia are embedded in between. Sertoli Cells Sertoli Cells

30. Embedded in the cytoplasm of the sertoli cell Sertoli Cells

31. 3 seminiferous tubules separated By the interstitium Interstitium Interstitium

32. Leydig Cells-interstitial cells that make testosterone. Don’t become activated until puberty. Secrete Testosterone Leydig Cells Interstitial Cells

33. Tubes & Glands

34. All pseudostratified epithelium – from epididymus to penile urethra (only other thing is respiratory system). Ductus Deferens

35. Seminal Vesicles& Prostate

36. Seminal Vesicles • Secrete >50% seminal fluid • Contains fibrinogen • Coagulates semen makes it easier to ejaculate • High content of fructose • Energy source for sperm

37. Prostate Gland • Secretes remainder of seminal fluid • Rich in citric acid and hydrolytic enzymes • Liquefy coagulated semen

38. When you get hypertrophy, it is of the smooth muscle. That Surrounds the prostate. Prostate Prostatic Concretions

39. Penis

40. Penis

41. X-Section of Penis

43. X-Section of Penis Corpora cavernosa Tunica albuginea Loose connective tissue Corpus spongiosum

44. X-Section of Penis Corpus Cavernosa Corpus Spongiosum Urethra Corpus Cavernosa

45. Erectile Tissue Erectile Tissue Dense Connective Tissue

46. Helicine Arteries

47. Vein is squished. Cant drain – erection. Parasympathetics – point, vasodilation, can’t drain, erection Sympathetics – shoot, vasoconstriction, pressure off the veins, starts to drain Veins Vein

48. Penile Urethra Glands of Littre Urethra