Chapter 2 chemistry

1. Chapter 2 chemistry Review sections 2-1 and 2-2

2. Element • one type of atom • C, H, Na, O, Cl, N, P • These are most commonly used in biology- you must know these!

3. Atom-BASIC UNIT OF MATTER • Atomic structure • Nucleus • Proton positive charge • Neutron no charge • Outside nucleus • Electrons negative charge • Atomic number • # Protons= # neutrons= # electrons • Atomic mass= weight of protons and neutrons (lot mass) and electrons (little)

4. Isotope- • different # of neutrons= same chemical properties

5. Radioactive isotopes • Unstable – break down and emit particles • (Discuss in detail later) • Used to date how old something is • Kill cells- radiation treatments • Used in diagnostic tests

6. A is for atoms video Chemistry\A is for Atom.wmv

7. Chemical compounds • 2 or more elements in definite proportions • Na + Cl NaCl

8. Chemistry\Elements vs Compounds.wmv

9. Bonding • Ionic-electrons transferred- strong • Covalent- electrons shared- weak • Van Der Waals- very weak Na+ Cl-

10. Chapter 2-2 • Water – very polar • tiny H+ • BIG O pulls electrons • A lot becomes • negative • Little H become • positive • tinyH+

11. Hydrogen Bonding • Water attracted to other water atoms • Bond is easy to break • and form • Cohesion- water beads, • attraction- same substance • Adhesion- attraction • different substance

12. Mixture • 2 or more elements physically combined but not chemically • Sugar and flour • Salt and sand 

13. Solution • Solute- substance dissolved • Solvent- liquid in which solute dissolves

14. pH • concentration of H+ ions • 1-6 acidic more H than OH • 8-14 basic more OH than H • 7 neutral H=OH

15. pH • pH activity

16. Chap 2-3 Organic Chemistry • Study of one element • Carbon can lose 4 electrons or gain 4 electrons • Covalent bond • Makes double and triple bonds easily

17. Chemistry\Cow Carbon.wmv

18. Four major Organic Compounds • 1. Carbohydrates • 2. Proteins • 3. Lipids – fats • 4. Nucleic acids – DNA RNA

19. Chemistry\Food Science.wmv

20. Organic compounds Chemistry\Organic Molecule Functions.wmv

21. Carbohydrates – C, H, O • Carbohydrates • Simple carbs – used for • energy • Comcomplec co complex carbs used for long term energy energy storage - starch • used for support- plant cell walls made made out of cellulose

22. Carbohydrate- Basic Unit: • monosaccharide • Ex: glucose, maltose, galactose • Glucose • Sugar your body uses sugar found in fruit

23. disaccharide • 2 monosaccharide joined called a disaccharide • Example –table sugar • sucrose

24. polysaccharide • 3 or more mono or disaccharides joined together is called a polysaccharide • Example -starch

25. Monomer – Basic unit of organic compound • small molecule • Contains C,H,O • Polymer – many • monomers joined together in process called polymerization

26. Carbohydrate -Cut and Paste activity • get scissors, glue and construction paper • make and label • sucrose molecule and H2O • maltose molecule and H2O • starch molecule and H2O • 3. Label which ones are disaccharides and which are polysaccharides • 4. This will be collected and graded • 5. Clean up (especially the floor) • and return all materials please

27. Nucleic acidsRNA-ribonucleic acidDNA- deoxyribose nucleic acidstore and transmit heredity • b

28. lipids • Fats, oils, waxes, steroids • Not soluble in water- used for waterproof coverings • Store energy • Parts of membranes

29. Bad Fats All bonds are filled Carbon cannot pick up cholesterol molecules that attach to the heart arteries

30. Good Fats-poly unsaturateddouble bond can be broken picks up cholesterol molecule clogging the heart

31. Protein- C,H,O,N • Proteins used to form bones and muscles • Control rate of reaction • Transport materials • Help to fight disease • Monomer is called • amino acid

32. Basic unit Or monomer Is called Amino acid

33. Proteins • Monomers are called • Amino acids • Only 20 different • Amino acids

34. Proteins Two or more amino acids form a peptide chain. Many amino acids joined together form a (polymer) protein.

35. alphabet Only 26 letters in the alphabet! How many words? Sentences? Essays? Books can you make?

36. proteins Chemistry\Complete Proteins.wmv

37. Only 20? How can only 20 amino acids form all the different proteins in the world?

38. Proteins are enzymes • Enzymes work by shape. Bring molecules closed together so they can react faster. • Enzymes DO NOT PARTICIPATE in the reaction. • They are used over and over! • part of enzyme that brings molecules together is called the active site. • reactants in enzyme reaction are called substrates • diagram p 52

39. Enzymes • lower activation energy so speed up chemical reactions • If catalyst is a protein called an enzyme (not all catalyst are enzymes) • Enzymes act by lowering activation energy needed for reactions to occur. • CO2 +H2O ---- H2CO3 carbonic acid • Enzyme carbonic anhydrase • Enzyme names usually end in ase

40. http://www.phschool.com/webcodes10/index.cfm?fuseaction=home.gotoWebCode&wcpre&wcsuffix=1024http://www.phschool.com/webcodes10/index.cfm?fuseaction=home.gotoWebCode&wcpre&wcsuffix=1024

41. enzymes Chemistry\How Enzymes Work.wmv

42. Chapter 2-4 • Chemical Reactions • Reactants Products • Na + Cl ------- NaCl • 6CO2 + 6H2O ------------- C6H12O6 + 6O2 • Energy in Reactions • Some reactions release energy – occur spontaneously • 2H2 +O2 ---------- 2H2O+ energy • *Most reactions need energy called activation energy to get reaction started