Unit 3

1. Unit 3 Oncology and the Central Nervous System

2. Oncology • onc/o = tumor • Examples: • onc/o/logy = study and treatment of tumors • onc/o/logist = one who studies tumors • carcin/o = cancer

3. Cells • cyt/o = cell • Examples: • cyt/o/ology = study of cells • cyt/o/log/ist = one who studies cells • cyt/o/techn/o/logist = one who prepares and screens human tissue to detect abnormalities

4. Tissues • hist/o = tissue • Examples: • hist/o/ology = study of tissues • hist/o/log/ist = one who studies tissues • hist/o/blast = embryonic tissue cell • hist/o/cyte = tissue cell • hist/oid = resembling tissue

5. Disease and Change • path/o/logy = study of disease • path/o/log/ist = one who studies disease • morph/o/logy = study of form, shape, or structure • meta/morph/osis = process of changing from one form into another

6. Tumors • Abnormal growth in numbers/and or types of cells • neo/plasm = new growth • Another word for tumor

7. Tumors • Can be malignant or benign • Malignant • Cancerous • Benign • Non-cancerous

8. Tumors • -oma = suffix for tumor • Examples: • carcin/oma = cancer of epithelia tissue • sarc/oma = cancer of connective tissue • aden/oma = glandular tumor • lip/oma = fatty tumor • lymph/oma = tumor composed of lymph tissue

9. Tumor Terminology

10. Tumor Terminology • Carcinomas can spread from origin to other body parts • meta/stasis = portion of tumor that grows in new location • meta/stasize = to spread from point of origin • meta/static = adjectival form

11. Benign and Malignant Tumors

12. Animation • Insert Cancer Metastasizing

13. Cancer Treatments • radi/o/therapy = use of radiation • surgery = removal of tumors • chem/o/therapy = administration of drugs

14. Cancer Treatments • anti- = against • -plast/ic = abnormal growth • Example: • anti/neo/plastic = agent that works against cancerous neoplasms (tumors) • E.g., antineoplastic chemicals and drug agents used in chemotherapy

15. Cancer Treatments • -genesis = development • Examples: • anti/tumor/i/genesis = process of inhibiting development of tumors • anti/tumor/i/genic = agent that inhibits development of tumors

16. Head • cephal = head • cephalic = pertaining to head • cephal/o = combining form

17. Structures of the Head

18. Head Conditions • cephal/algia = any pain in head • cephal/o/dynia = any pain in head • cephal/o/dynic = pertaining to pain in head

19. Skull • cranium = skull • cranial = pertaining to skull • crani/o = combining form for cranium

20. Components of the Skull

21. Terms Related to the Skull • crani/o/meter = instrument used to measure skull • crani/o/malac/ia = softening of skull • crani/o/plasty = surgical repair of skull • crani/o/tomy = incision into skull • crani/ectomy = excision of part of skull

22. Brain • encephal/o = combining form

23. Brain and Spinal Cord

24. Brain Conditions • encephal/o/malac/ia = softening of brain tissue • encephal/o/cele = herniation of brain • encephal/o/tomy = incision into brain

25. Brain: Diagnostics • electr/o/encephal/o/gram = picture of electrical activity of brain • electr/o/encephal/o/graphy = process of recording electrical brain activity • electr/o/encephal/o/graph = instrument used to record electrical brain activity

26. Cerebrum • Part of brain responsible for thinking, feeling, and moving • cerebral = adjectival form

27. Cerebral Conditions • cerebr/itis = inflammation of cerebrum • cerebr/oma = tumor in cerebrum • cerebr/o/vascularaccident = loss of brain function due to decreased blood flow • cerebr/o/tomy = incision into cerebrum

28. Brain and Spinal Cord • Nerves from brain are connected to rest of body through spinal cord • mye/o = spinal cord • cerebr/o/spinal = pertaining to brain and spinal cord • cerebr/o/spinalfluid = bathes cerebrum and spinal cord

29. Brain Covering • Meninges • Three-layered membrane that covers brain and spinal cord • mening/o = combining form

30. Meningeal Conditions • mening/o/cele = herniation of meninges • mening/o/malac/ia = softening of meninges • mening/itis = inflammation of meninges • Cerebral meningitis • Spinal meningitis

31. Prefix: hyper- • hyper- = above or more than normal • Examples: • hyper/tension = high blood pressure • hyper/activity = being abnormally active • hyper/emesis = excessive vomiting • hyper/trophy = overdevelopment

32. Prefix: hypo- • hypo- = below or less than normal • Examples: • hypo/tension = low blood pressure • hypo/thyroid/ism = thyroid hormone deficiency • hypo/dermic = under skin • hypo/thermia = abnormally low body temperature

33. Growth and Development • Suffixes that refer to growth and development: • -trophy • -plasia • -genesis • Cannot be interchanged when building medical terms

34. Growth and Development • Examples: • hyper/trophy = increase in size of cells • hyper/plasia = increase in number of cells • hyper/genesis = defective development or duplication of body parts

35. Glands • aden/o = combining form • Examples: • aden/itis = inflammation of gland • aden/ectomy = removal of gland • aden/oma = gland tumor • aden/o/pathy = any gland disease • lymph/aden/o/pathy = any disease of lymph glands

36. Pigment • Melanin • Pigment that gives dark color to hair, skin, and dark-pigmented area of eye • melan/o = combining form

37. Pigment • Examples: • melan/o/cyte = black-pigmented cell • melan/o/derma = black or dark skin • melan/oma = darkly pigmented tumor • melan/o/carcin/oma = darkly pigmented cancerous tumor

38. Fat • lip/o = fat • Examples: • lip/oma = fatty tumor • lip/oid = resembling fat

39. Fat • ather/o = fatty or porridge-like • Examples: • ather/oma = tumor-like thickening in blood vessel • ather/o/scler/osis = hardening of blood vessel walls due to fatty deposits

40. Linings and Membranes • Mucosa • Membrane that lines open body cavities • Mucus • Secretion of mucous membrane • muc/o = combining form • mucous = adjectival form of mucus • muc/oid = resembling mucus

41. Linings and Membranes • Serosa • Membrane that lines closed body cavities and outside of organs • serous = adjectival form

42. Linings and Membranes