Climate Change Mitigation

1. Climate Change Mitigation • Keith Tovey M.A., PhD, CEng, MICE • Energy Science Director: Low Carbon InnovationCentre • School of Environmental Sciences

2. Climate Change Mitigation • The facts about Global Warming • Energy Security • Good Practice Examples from UEA • Nelson Court/Constable Terrace • Elizabeth Fry • ZICER • CHP • Adsorption Chilling • The future

3. Future Global Warming Rates

4. Reasons for Concern Range of predicted temperatures Risks to Many Large Increase Net Negative for all marketsmost Negative for most Regions Higher Risk oC Some positive/ some negative Most people adversely affected Current temperature Risks to Some Negative for some Regions Increase Very Low Risk Historic Average Average 1950 - 1970 I II III IV V I Risks to Unique and Threatened Systems II Risks from Extreme Climatic Events III Distribution of Impacts IV Aggregate Impacts V Risks from Future Large Scale Discontinuities

5. Electricity Scenarios for UK and implications on CO2 emissions. Variable Scenario: 40% Gas; 20% Nuclear Nuclear Scenario Gas Scenario Coal Scenario 20% reduction 60% reduction • 20 year growth in demand • 1.8-2% per annum • 2.2% in 2003 Assumptions: 20% renewable generation by 2020, Demand stabilizes at 420 TWH in 7 years

6. 10. Difficult Choices Ahead Options for Electricity Generation in 2020 - Non-Renewable Methods

7. Options for Electricity Generation in 2020 - Renewable

8. Options for Electricity Generation in 2020 - Renewable • Transport Fuels: • Biodiesel? • Bioethanol? Hydrogen????

9. Options for Electricity Generation in 2020 - Renewable Pelamis: 750 kW device installed August 2004: Orkney Operated for 10 days – has been at Lyness, Hoy since September

10. Options for Electricity Generation in 2020 - Renewable

11. Our Choices: They are difficult • Do we want to exploit available renewables i.e onshore/offshore wind and biomass. • If our answer is NO • Do we want to see a renewal of nuclear power • Are we happy on this and the other attendant risks? • If our answer is NO • Do we want to return to using coal? • then carbon dioxide emissions will rise significantly • unless we can develop carbon sequestration within 10 years which is unlikely If our answer to coal is NO Do we want to leave things are they are and see continued exploitation of gas for both heating and electricity generation? >>>>>>

12. Our Choices: They are difficult If our answer is YES By 2020 we will be dependent on around 70% of our heating and electricity from GAS which will have to be imported from countries like Russia, Iran, Iraq, Libya, Algeria Are we happy with this prospect? >>>>>> • If not: • We need even more substantial cuts in energy use which could affect both industry and our ability to heat an light our homes in the future. • Unless we are prepared to sacrifice our future to effects of Global Warming Do we wish to reconsider our stance on renewables? Inaction or delays in decision making will lead us down the GAS option route and all the attendant Security issues that raises.

13. Our Choices: They are difficult • A diverse supply of renewables across the country will provide security • [it is rare for the wind not to be blowing anywhere except on sunny days when solar energy output is at a peak] BUT: Aren’t Renewables unreliable? – we need secure supply A diverse renewable supply will be local, and will be less prone to cascade power cuts such as those recently in US, London, Italy, Denmark. Conventional generation is based on large units: 500 – 660 MW enough to supply over 1 million homes. These do fail from time to time, and require much greater backup than required for the failure of a few wind turbines. Renewable generation is less prone to major interruption

14. Can we Fuel the People using Sustainable Technology? • The Government Response • Legislative Barriers

15. Government Response • Energy White Paper – aspiration for 60% cut in CO2 emissions by 2050 • Will require unprecedented partnership activity in local communities to ensure on track by 2020s • (– but no indication of how this will be undertaken) “There will be much more localgeneration, in part from medium to small local/community power plant, fuelled by locally grown biomass, from locally generatedwaste, and from local wind sources. These will feed local distributed networks, which can sell excess capacity into the grid.’’ - Energy White Paper: February 2003

16. UK • Renewables Obligation > 10.4% by 2010 • in 2003 - 2004 -----4.3%, but in practice barely 3% • Announced on 11th March 2004 - 3.139 p per kWh • Revision of Building Regulations brought forward • EU • Biofuels Directive for Transport • 2005 (2%) >>> 5.75% in 2010 • Carbon Emission Trading - National Allocation Plans to be in place by 31st March 2004.

18. The CRed ambition To engage, enthuse and empower a large, diverse community to debate, plan and execute a programme to reduce carbon emissions by up to 60% by 2025 Can a local community take on the responsibility for starting to confront the challenge of climate change and make a difference? Or will it continue to be - someone/somewhere else? Can we encourage politicians/officials to be bolder on our behalf? “exemplar for the world”

19. On average each person in UK causes the emission of 9 tonnes of CO2 each year. How many people know what 9 tonnes of CO2 looks like? 5 hot air balloons per person per year. 4 million each year for Norfolk

20. Some facts: • A mobile phone charger left on even when not charging • up to 25 kg CO2 a year • Standby on television > 60 kg per year • Filling up with petrol (~£30 for a full tank) • --------- 90 kg of CO2 (5% of one balloon) • How far does one have to drive in a small family car (e.g. 1300 cc Toyota Corolla) to emit as much carbon dioxide as heating an old persons room for1 hour? • 1.6 miles

21. How to use your to beat global warmingUniversity aims to shame ministers into tougher action Ian Sample, science correspondent - Wednesday August 27, 2003A group of scientists in East Anglia has launched an ambitious campaign to tackle the threat of global warming in an effort to shame ministers into stronger action on climate change. The task they have set themselves is formidable: to slash the region's emissions of carbon dioxide in half the time the government believes is possible. At first glance, the project, known as Cred, for carbon reduction, might easily be dismissed as well-meaning nonsense. But the team behind it, Keith Tovey and his colleagues at the University of East Anglia, belong to the most prestigious environmental science department in the country. "If anyone is going to do this, they will," said Dennis Thouless whose Norwich-based company, Global Commodities, collects used cooking oil from local businesses and turns it into fuel. The Cred project was set up in response to the government's white paper on energy, published in February. "The government pledged that they would be pushing to reduce carbon dioxide emissions by 60% by the year 2050," Dr Tovey said. "It looked impressive and sounded good, but didn't give any clues on how to do it. To put it bluntly, there were too many agendas being thrown around." The result was a statement of high intention that lacked any practical guidance. Growing frustration at the government's dithering has spurred Dr Tovey's team into action. They have taken the government's stated target of 60% reduction in carbon dioxide emissions, which according to the royal commission on environmental pollution is vital to avoid the adverse effects of climate change, and pledged that East Anglia would meet it in half the time. "If we can show that the people here can achieve this target by 2025, we can turn around and say to everybody else, 'What's your excuse?'" Dr Tovey said. Enthusiasm for the project has snowballed. Local businesses have submitted themselves to scrutiny, to see how much electricity they are wasting. School children have had crash courses in saving energy. Night classes have been set up to teach people the fine art of making solar cells that, strapped to their roofs, will give hot water. Others have gone one step further and installed silicon-based panels on their roofs that convert sunlight into electricity. Dr Tovey is talking to the Diocese of Norwich to try to get the Anglican church on board. "East Anglia has more than 600 churches," he said. "Because churches are all built running east to west, it means they've got a huge area of roof that's facing south, so they're perfect for catching the sun." "It would be very hard not to agree with the aims of the Cred project," said the Rev Jan MacFarlane, the Bishop of Norwich's chaplain. "And if there's a possibility of generating some income, why not?" But Dr Tovey knows that slashing carbon dioxide in East Anglia will have little impact on global climate change. The people of East Anglia produce 6.5m tonnes of carbon dioxide a year, against the 500m tonnes produced by the UK as a whole. "To make a real difference, the US will have to be doing this, but that will happen when they realise there is money to be made doing this." Word of the project is spreading beyond East Anglia. The Bishop of Herefordhas expressed an interest. A delegation from Japan which visited the Cred team may set up a similar project. The biggest threat to success now, the scientists believe, is that people's enthusiasm dries up as the novelty wears off. Dr Tovey said: "There's always a chance we will fail. But if we fail, it can't be said we haven't tried." Enthusiasm for the project has snowballed. Local businesses have submitted themselves to scrutiny, to see how much electricity they are wasting. School children have had crash courses in saving energy. Night classes have been set up to teach people the fine art of making solar cells that, strapped to their roofs, will give hot water. Others have gone one step further and installed silicon-based panels on their roofs that convert sunlight into electricity. Dr Tovey is talking to the Diocese of Norwich to try to get the Anglican church on board. "East Anglia has more than 600 churches," he said. "Because churches are all built running east to west, it means they've got a huge area of roof that's facing south, so they're perfect for catching the sun." "It would be very hard not to agree with the aims of the Cred project," said the Rev Jan MacFarlane, the Bishop of Norwich's chaplain. "And if there's a possibility of generating some income, why not?" Cred

22. Ida-Anglia näitab maailmale eeskuju süsihappegaasierituse piiramisel27/08/03 07:49:56Arni Alandi Rühm Suurbritannia Ida-Anglia teadlasi algatas suurejoonelise kampaania tulemaks toime üleilmse kliimasoojenemise ohuga ning häbistamaks ministreid, kes kliimamuutuse ärahoidmiseks liiga vähe ette on võtnud. Teadlased on endale püstitanud aukartustäratava ülesande: vähendada piirkonna süsihappegaasi õhkupaiskamist poole lühema aja jooksul valitsuse määratud graafikust. Esmapilgul võib Credi nime kandev projekt tunduda mittemidagiütleva mõttetusena. Ühendkuningriigi teadlased usuvad, et nii see siiski pole, sest projekti taga seisavad väga väärikad ja tunnustatud teadlased. Ida-Anglia ülikooli keskkonnateaduste õppetooli peetakse parimaks omataoliseks kogu Suurbritannias. Kateedrit juhivad Keith Tovey ja tema kolleegid. “Kui keegi nii julge lubaduse täitmisega hakkama saab, siis just Tovey rühm” on Dennis Thouless, firma Global Commodities juht, kindel. Thoulessi firma kogub kohalikelt ettevõtteilt kasutatud toiduõli, et seda autokütuseks töödelda. Cred loodi vastusena valitsuse veebruaris välja antud “valgele energeetikapaberile”. Dokumendis tõotab valitsus vähendada süsihappegaasieritust 2050. aastaks 60 protsendi võrra. Tovey sõnul on valitsuse “valgele paberile” kirja pandud üsna kenad mõtted ja kogu dokument kõlab hästi. Paraku pole kodanikele antud ühtki juhist, kuidas kirjapandud kauneid mõtteid ellu viia. Et segadust veelgi suurendada, on “valge paberi” sihtide saavutamiseks üheaegselt käibel mitmeid tegevuskavu. Tagajärjeks on väga suur tähelepanu kasvuhoonegaasiemissioonide vähendamisele samaaegselt igasuguste praktiliste juhiste puudumisega.

23. Effet de serre : East Anglia montre l’exemplelundi 15 septembre 2003, par collecte CND R.E. Un groupe de scientifiques de l’université d’East Anglia, à l’Est de l’Angleterre, a lancé une campagne pour accélérer la réduction des émissions de dioxyde de carbone de la région. Baptisée CRed (pour Carbon Reduction Project), cette initiative ambitionne d’aller deux fois plus vite que les prévisions gouvernementales. Le projet a été lancé en réaction au livre blanc sur l’énergie publié en février dans lequel le gouvernement s’était fixé comme objectif une diminution de 60% des émissions de ce polluant d’ici 2050. Les responsables de CRed veulent y parvenir dès 2025. Pour cela, Keith Tovey et ses collègues ont réussi à mobiliser entreprises locales et particuliers pour faire des économies d’énergie et installer des panneaux photovoltaïques sur les toits. La prochaine étape consiste à rallier l’Eglise anglicane à leur cause. Exposées plein sud, les églises ont en effet de larges toitures qui peuvent capter l’énergie du soleil. Or, la région d’East Anglia compte plus de 600 chapelles. Si les scientifiques sont conscients du peu d’impact sur le changement climatique de leur action, ils comptent cependant provoquer d’autres initiatives. Une délégation japonaise est déjà intéressée par le projet. En France, la commune de Chalon-sur-Saône a déjà mis en place une action similaire pour réaliser en trois ans l’engagement de réduction des émissions de gaz à effet de serre pris par l’Europe sur dix ans. Pour lire notre article sur l’initiative de Chalon-sur-Saône.

24. ecologia e ambiente SULL’EFFETTO SERRA L’EAST ANGLIA DA’ L’ESEMPIO dalla redazione di Bruxelles Bruxelles, 15 settembre - Un gruppo di scienziati dell’università di East Anglia (Inghilterra) ha lanciato una campagna per accelerare la riduzione delle emissioni di anidride carbonica della regione. Battezzato CRed (Carbon Reduction Project), l’iniziativa ha l’ambizione di andare due volte più veloce delle previsioni governative. Il progetto (http://www.cred-uk.org/index.aspx) è stato lanciato il reazione al Libro Bianco sull’energia pubblicato in febbraio nel quale il governo britannico aveva fissato come obiettivo una diminuzione del 60% delle emissioni di CO2 entro il 2025. Per riuscire nell’impresa, Keith Tovey e i suoi colleghi sono riusciti a mobilitare le aziende locali e i cittadini per avviare programmi di efficienza e risparmio energetico e installare pannelli fotovoltaici. La prossima tappa consiste nel convincere la Chiesa anglicana a dar loro il suo sostegno. Esposte in pieno sud, le chiese hanno infatti grandi tetti che sono ideali per installare impianti che captano energia solare, e nella regione di East Anglia ci sono più di 600 tra chiese e cappelle. Benché gli scienziati siano coscienti dello scarso impatto della loro iniziativa sul cambiamento climatico, contano tuttavia di promuovere altre iniziative. Una delegazione giapponese si è già interessata al progetto. Indice ecologia e ambiente

26. Main Energy Conservation Projects at UEA • Constable Terrace/ Nelson Court Student Residences • Elizabeth Fry Building • Combined Heat and Power • School of Medicine • ZICER Building • The Future • Absorption Chilling

27. The Elizabeth Fry Building

28. The Elizabeth Fry Building • Termodeck Construction • Air is circulated through whole fabric of building • Heated using a normal domestic heating boiler (24 kW) • No heat supply needed at temperatures as cool as 9oC • Triple glazing with Low Emissivity Glass ~ quadruple glazing • 180 mm insulated cavity • 300 mm roof insulation • 100 mm floor insulation • Air – Pressure Test at 50 Pa – not to exceed 1.0 ach • Actual performance 0.97 ach • Has deteriorated slightly since 1996 • Uses regenerative Heat Exchangers 85% with heat recovery

29. Stale Air Fresh Air Stale Air Fresh Air Operation of Regenerative Heat Exchangers

30. Energy Consumption in Elizabeth Fry The performance of the building has improved with time Heating provided by domestic sized boilers. Energy requirement 20% of good practice for Academic Buildings.

31. Elizabeth Fry: Carbon Dioxide Emissions and User Satisfaction 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 ECON 19 Good Practice Type 3 Office kg/m2/annum Elizabeth Fry gas electricity carbon dioxide emissions 96 Elizabeth Fry User Satisfaction thermal comfort +28% air quality +36% lighting +25% noise +26% 44 An energy efficient building reduces carbon dioxide AND is a better building to work in.

33. The ZICER Building Zuckerman Institute for Connective Environmental Research • Follows the tradition of the Elizabeth Fry Building • Uses Termodeck construction • Draws heat from University Heating Main • Has a 34 kW array of Photo Voltaic cells on top floor and roof

34. ZICER Construction

35. ZICER Construction

36. ZICER Construction Ducts in floor slab

37. Installation of Solar Panels

38. Projected Performance of ZICER Elizabeth Fry performance has improved over years. ZICER will be better and less than 70% of emissions of mid 90’s best practice building Photovoltaic cells will generate ~ 30 kW and save 20 tonnes CO2 per annum.

39. UEA Combined Heat and Power Scheme 86% Efficient

40. UEA CHP Scheme • Until 1999 most heat for space heating was supplied by large boilers • Primary main temperature ~ 110 – 120oC • All electricity imported • Energy bill was in excess of £1 million per year • Three 1 MWe generators are now installed • Provide the majority of the electricity for the campus • Export electricity at periods of low demand • Waste heat is used a primary heat source • Supplemented by existing boilers • CHP has reduced that figure by £400 000 per year

41. CHP Review electricity gas oil  total balloons  1997/98 kWh 19895328 35148158 33150 kg/kWh 0.43 0.186 0.277 tonnes 8555.0 6537.6 9.2 15101.7 8390 electricity export import Gener-ation boilers CHP oil total balloons 1999/00 kWh 20436531 977000 5783100 15630431 14510078 28263077 922563 kg/ kWh -0.43 0.43 0.186 0.186 0.277 tonnes -420.1 2486.7 0.0 2698.9 5256.9 255.5 10278.0 5710 Saving in CO2 emissions as a result of CHP - 4824 tonnes CO2 or 31.9% Equivalent to 2680 hot air balloons. [Note: UEA expanded during time and consumption increased so CO2 savings are really higher than this].

42. Desorber Heat from external source Heat Exchanger W ~ 0 High Temperature High Pressure Heat rejected Absorber Condenser Throttle Valve Evaporator Low Temperature Low Pressure Heat extracted for cooling Absorption Heat Pump

43. Building Regulations - how they affect performanceThe future Climate Change Mitigation • The facts about Global Warming • Good Practice Examples from UEA • Nelson Court/Constable Terrace • Elizabeth Fry • ZICER • CHP • Adsorption Chilling

44. The Future • Just a few possibilities • Heat Pumps • Solar Energy • Wind Energy

45. Duke Street Renovation • Norwich led the way in 1940’s • First ever Heat Pump • Opportunity now exists to reinstate a heat • pump in the same building that John Sumner did his pioneering work.

46. The Norwich Heat Pump

47. Duke Street Refurbishment - Heat Losses Tackling heat recovery from ventilation is important

48. Solar Energy - The BroadSol Project Solar Collectors installed 26th January 2004 Average daily Solar Gain to March 21st ~ 1.6 kWh

49. Solar Thermal Performance - detached house in Norwich Will save about 0.25 tonnes per year From 27th Jan - 15th Sept 2004 average gain 3.16 kWh per day

50. Solar PhotoVoltaic Will save about 0.5 tonnes per year House in Cringleford