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MICROBIAL DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

MICROBIAL DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM. MOUTH. Over 300 types of bacteria Dental caries Periodontal disease Gingivitis Periodontitis. DENTAL CARIES. Dental plaque Accumulation of microorganisms and their products (dental plaque) Streptococcus mutans Actinomyces spp.

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MICROBIAL DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

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  1. MICROBIAL DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

  2. MOUTH • Over 300 types of bacteria • Dental caries • Periodontal disease • Gingivitis • Periodontitis

  3. DENTAL CARIES • Dental plaque • Accumulation of microorganisms and their products (dental plaque) • Streptococcus mutans • Actinomyces spp.

  4. DENTAL CARIES (cont.) • Attachment • Colonization • Sugar (glucose+fructose) • Glucose > dextran • Fructose > lactic acid

  5. Enamel

  6. DENTAL CARIES (cont.) • Lactic acid softens enamel • Initial, S. mutans • Advance, Lactobacillus spp. • Pulp infection

  7. DENTAL CARIES (cont.) • Treatment • Root canal therapy • Penicillin • Prevention • Fluoride • Reduced sucrose in diet • Brushing and flossing • Professional cleaning

  8. PERIODONTAL DISEASE • Inflammation of teeth-supporting tissue • Gingivitis • Gums inflammation (bleeding)

  9. PERIODONTAL DISEASE (cont.) • Streptococci, actinomyces and gram-negative bacteria • Prevented by brushing & flossing

  10. PERIODONTITIS • Chronic gingivitis • 10% of teeth loss • Affects bone • Surgery and cleaning

  11. LOWER DIGESTIVE SYSTEM • Infections • Salmonellosis • Intoxications • Staphylococcus aureus

  12. Practice that contributed to food-borne disease (1988-1992) 1. Improper holding temperature 2. Poor personal hygiene of food handlers 3. Food obtained from an unsafe source was the least commonly reported factor

  13. Syndrome • A group of symptoms that together are characteristic of a specific disease

  14. Gastrointestinal Syndrome • Gastroenteritis associated with nausea, vomiting and diarrhea

  15. Dysentery syndrome • Any infectious disease of the large intestine marked by ulceration, hemorrhagic diarrhea with mucus and often blood

  16. GASTROENTERITIS • Inflammation of the stomach and intestinal mucosa

  17. GASTROENTERITIS (cont.) • Abdominal cramps • Nausea • Vomiting • Dehydration

  18. GASTROENTERITIS (cont.) • E. coli • Shigella spp. • Salmonella spp. • Campylobacter spp. • Staphylococcus aureus • Rotavirus • Norwalk virus (Noro virus)

  19. Routes of exposure to enteric pathogens • Fecal contamination (human/animal) • Food • Water • Fomites (doorknobs, telephones) • Direct contact

  20. Petting zoos

  21. Non-traditional pets

  22. Pest animals

  23. Population at risk

  24. Occupational risk

  25. STAPHYLOCOCCAL FOOD POISONING • S. aureus survives 30 min at 60o C (140o F) • High salt concentration • Skin and nasal mucosa • Facultative anaerobes-Coagulase positive

  26. STAPHYLOCOCCAL FOOD POISONING (cont.) • Temperature abuse • Food let to cool slowly • Organisms grow producing toxin

  27. STAPHYLOCOCCAL FOOD POISONING (cont.) • High risk foods • Custards • Cream pies • Ham

  28. STAPHYLOCOCCAL FOOD POISONING (cont.) • Toxin affects brain’s vomiting reflex • Abdominal cramps • Diarrhea

  29. SALMONELLOSIS

  30. Salmonella spp. • Gram negative rods • Facultative anaerobe • 2000 serovars

  31. SALMONELLOSIS (cont.) • S. dublin • S. enteritidis • S. typhimurium • S. cholerasuis

  32. SALMONELLOSIS (cont.) • Domestic animals • Poultry • Swine • Cattle • Dogs and cats

  33. SALMONELLOSIS (cont.) • Wild animals • Rodents • reptiles • Terrapins (turtles)

  34. SALMONELLOSIS (cont.) • Incubation of 12 - 36 h • Intestinal mucosa • Lymphatic and cardiovascular systems

  35. SALMONELLOSIS (cont.) • Fever • Nausea • Abdominal pain • Cramps • Diarrhea

  36. SALMONELLOSIS (cont.) • Mortality among infants and the elderly • Many shed Salmonella for 6 months • Many animals are chronic carriers

  37. SALMONELLOSIS (cont.) • Treatment • Rehydration • Antibiotics prolong carrier state and increase resistance

  38. TYPHOID FEVER • Salmonella typhi • Rare in animals! • Incubation • 2 weeks

  39. TYPHOID FEVER (cont.) • High fever (104o F) • Continual headache • Constipation more common than diarrhea • 10% fatality rate

  40. TYPHOID FEVER (cont.) • Many recovered patients become carriers (Typhoid Mary) • Obligatory case report in most states and countries • Lifelong immunity

  41. TYPHOID FEVER (cont.) • Treatment • Cephalosporins • Chloramphenicol • Amoxillin

  42. Shigellosis

  43. SHIGELLOSIS (Bacillary dysentery) • Shigella spp. • Gram negative facultative anaerobic rod • Only infects humans • Low infectious dose • Resistant to low stomach pH

  44. SHIGELLOSIS (cont.) • S. sonnei • Most common in the USA • Least severe • S. dysenteriae • Uncommon in the USA • Most severe

  45. SHIGELLOSIS (cont.) • Shiga toxin • Inhibits protein synthesis • Diarrhea with blood and mucus (dysentery)

  46. SHIGELLOSIS (cont.) • 20,000- 25,000 cases/year • 5 to 15 deaths • Treatment • Rehydration • Fluoroquinolones (severe cases)

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