Reproduction and Development

1. Reproduction and Development

2. BACTERIA YEAST PLANTS Asexual Reproduction • Type of reproduction that each offspring has the same genetic information Where can asexual reproduction be found?

3. There are 5 different types of asexual reproduction. 1. Budding Parent divides unequally; new individuals develop from buds ex – yeast & hydra 2. Binary Fission Most simple form of asexual reproduction; Parent divides equally and results in two separate individuals (mitosis) Ex.-paramecium 3. Spore Formation Single specialized cells that germinate when released from parent. Usually covered by a protective coating for preservation.

4. Budding

5. Binary Fission

6. Spore Formation

7. 4. Regeneration/fragmentation Ability to regrow new body parts/ability to grow new Organism from parts. ex – hyrda, planaria, starfish, the bad guy from Terminator 2 5. Vegetative Reproduction/Propagation Refers to roots, stems, and leaves. Cells divide then differentiate to produce the same organism Ex.- strawberry plant, pick-a-back plant

8. Regeneration

9. Vegetative propagation

10. Sexual Reproduction

11. Sexual Development • Puberty is a period of rapid growth and sexual maturation during which the reproductive system becomes fully functional. • When puberty ends, reproductiveorgansare fully developed. • Puberty usually begins between the ages of 9 and 15, and usually starts one year earlier in females than in males.

12. Sexual Development • Puberty begins when the hypothalamussignals the pituitary to produce increased levels of two hormones that affect the gonads. • These hormones are follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH).

15. The Male Reproductive System • Release of FSH and LH stimulates cells in the testes (male reproductive organ) to produce testosterone (male hormone). • FSH and testosterone stimulate the development of sperm(male sex cell (gamete).

16. Head Nucleus • A sperm cell consists of: • a head, which contains the nucleus • a midpiece, which contains energy-releasing mitochondria • a tail, which propels the cell forward Midpiece Mitochondria Tail

17. The Male Reproductive System • Male Reproductive System Urinary bladder Vas deferens Pubic bone Seminal vesicle Urethra Rectum Penis Prostate gland Epididymis Testis Scrotum

18. The Female Reproductive System • Puberty in females starts when the hypothalamus signals the pituitary gland to release FSH and LH. • FSH stimulates cells within the ovaries to produce estrogen • The primary female reproductive organ are the ovaries (egg – gamete)

20. The Female Reproductive System Fallopian tube Ovary Uterus Cervix Urinary bladder Rectum Pubic bone Vagina Urethra

21. The Menstrual Cycle • The menstrual cycle is controlled by internal feedback mechanisms between the reproductive system and the endocrine system. • The cycle takes an average of 28 days.

22. The Menstrual Cycle • During the menstrual cycle, an egg develops and is released from an ovary. (ovulation) • The uterus is prepared to receive a fertilized egg. • If the egg is fertilized, it is implanted in the uterus and embryonic development begins. • If the egg is not fertilized, it is discharged and menstruation occurs.

23. Fertilization and Development of an Offspring • Gametes – reproductive cells (egg and sperm) • When sperm and egg unite, new cell is called zygote • Fertilization occurs in the oviduct (fallopian tubes) • 1st 8 weeks – Embryo • After 8 weeks - Fetus • Development of fetus occurs in uterus

25. Terminology for Development • Uterus – muscular structure located in female where development occurs • Placenta - an organ that connects the developing fetus to the uterine wall to allow nutrient uptake, waste elimination, and gas exchange via the mother's blood supply • Umbilical Cord – connects baby to placenta of mother • Amniotic fluid – yellowish fluid that surrounds the baby

27. Stem Cells

28. ZYGOTEThe fertilized egg http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Sperm-egg.jpg#file

29. Mitosis and Differentiation Cell differentiationis how generic embryonic cells become specialized cells http://stemcells.nih.gov/info/scireport/appendixA.asp  Image courtesy of NIH resource for stem cell research http://embryo.soad.umich.edu/carnStages/carnStages.html Image courtesy of Brad Smith, University of Michigan

30. SO…..WHAT ARE STEM CELLS? • Stem cellsare a class of undifferentiated cells that are able to differentiate into specialized cell types • Cells that can become any cell is called pluripotent • Cell that can become almost any cell is called multipotent

32. WHERE DO STEM CELLS COME FROM? • EMBRYONIC • BLASTOCYST • “ADULT Tissue” • CORD CELLS • PLACENTA • CHILDREN • ADULTS

33. Stem Cell Applications • Tissue repair - nerve, heart, muscle, organ, skin Cancers • Autoimmune diseases - diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, MS

34. Tissue Repair • Regenerate spinal cord, heart tissue or any other major tissue in the body.

35. Rheumatoid Arthritis • Adult Stem Cells may be helpful in jumpstarting repair of eroded cartilage.

36. Leukemia and Cancer • Studies show leukemia patients treated with stem cells emerge free of disease. • Injections of stem cells have also reduces pancreatic cancers in some patients. Proliferation of white cells