Anatomy of The Foot & Ankle

1. Anatomy of The Foot & Ankle

2. Bones of the Lower Leg,Foot, & Ankle The foot is broken down into three major regions: -Forefoot: 5 Metatarsals, 14 Phalanges, 2 sesamoids -Mid-foot: Navicular, Cuboid, Cuneiforms -Hind-foot: Talus and Calcaneus -Talocrual Joint (Ankle Joint): Tibia, Fibula, Talus

5. Medial View

6. Lateral View

7. Joints of the Lower Leg, Foot, & Ankle

8. X-Ray of the Foot & Ankle

9. X-Ray of the Foot & Ankle

11. Joints of the Foot Forefoot (5 Metatarsals, 14 Phalanges, 2 sesamoids) Metatarsophalengeal Joints: The articulation of the metatarsals and phalanges MTP, PIP, DIP Intermetatarsal Joints: The articulation of the metatarsals. Tarsometatarsal Joints: The articulation of the Tarsals and Metatarsals.

12. Joints of the Foot The Mid-Foot (Navicular, Cuboid, 3 cuneiforms) Calcaneocuboid joint Talocalcaneonavicular joint Cuneonavicular Cuboideonavicular Cuneocuboid Intercuneiform

13. Joints of the Lower Leg, Foot, & Ankle The Hind-Foot (The Talus and Calcaneus) Talocrual Joint (Ankle Joint): The articulation between the talus, tibia, and lateral malleolus (distal end of the fibula)

14. Ligaments of the Foot & Ankle Lateral Ankle 1. Anterior inferior Tibiofibular ligament: 2. Posterior Tibiofibular ligament 3. Posterior Talofibular ligament 4. Calcaneofibular ligament 5. Lateral talocalcaneal ligament 6. Anterior talofibular ligament

15. Ligaments of the Foot & Ankle Medial Ankle Posterior talocalcaneal ligament Plantar calcaneonavicular ligament Deltoid Ligament: Posterior tibiofibular ligament Tibiocalcaneal ligament Anterior tibiotalar ligament Tibionavicular ligament

16. Ligaments of the Foot & Ankle

17. Ligaments of the Foot & Ankle plantar fascia -the thick connective tissue which supports the arch of the foot. It runs from the tuberosity of the calcaneus forward to the heads of the metatarsal bones.

18. Ligaments of the Foot & Ankle

19. Muscles of the Lower Leg, Foot, & Ankle Sheaths of Fascia divide the lower leg into four compartments: Anterior Lateral Deep Posterior Superficial Posterior

20. Muscles of the Lower Leg, Foot, & Ankle Anterior Compartment: Tibialis Anterior Extensor Digitorum Longus Extensor Hallucis Longus Peroneus Tertius

21. Muscles of the Lower Leg, Foot, & Ankle Lateral Compartment: Peroneus Longus Peroneus Brevis

22. Muscles of the Lower Leg, Foot, & Ankle Deep Posterior: Tibialis Posterior Flexor Digitorum Longus Flexor Hallucis Longus

23. Muscles of the Lower Leg, Foot, & Ankle Superficial Posterior: Gastrocnemius Soleus Plantaris

24. Muscles of the Lower Leg, Foot, & Ankle

25. Muscles of the Lower Leg, Foot, & Ankle

26. Muscles of the Lower Leg, Foot, & Ankle

27. Muscles of the Lower Leg, Foot, & Ankle

28. Muscles of the Lower Leg, Foot, & Ankle

29. Motions of the Foot and Ankle

30. Hallux Rigidus • Hallux Valgus • Claw, hammer, and mallet toe • Turf toe • Jones Fracture • Plantar Fasciitis • Heel Spurs • Lateral Ankle Sprain • Eversion Ankle Sprain • Calcaneal bursitis • Achilles Tendonitis • Achilles Tendon Rupture Conditions of the Lower Leg, Foot, and Ankle

31. Bunions-Hallux Valgus Toe and Foot Conditions -Condition that is characterized by deviation of the great toe towards the lesser toes. -This results in the development of a bony prominence on the inner aspect of the foot at the base of the great toe.

32. Bunions Hallux Rigidus Toe and Foot Conditions -Due to arthritic degeneration of the 1st MTP Joint which may be very painful, but generally shows little deformity. -Usually a bony prominence but more on top of the big toe joint develops. -Limited range of mobility that occurs due to the arthritis

33. Claw Toe Toe and Foot Conditions -Contracted at the middle and end joints in the toe -Can lead to severe pressure and pain -Ligaments and tendons that have tightened cause your toe's joints to curl downwards. -Claw toes can occur in any toe, except the big toe.

34. Hammer Toe Toe and Foot Conditions -Deformity usually exists in one toe at the proximal inter phalangeal joint PIP -The base of the toe points upward and the end of the toe points down.

35. Mallet Toe Toe and Foot Conditions -Deformity that occurs in the sagittal plane and affects only the distal phalanx. -Usually patients will see a callused area on the end of the toe and top of the last joint (DIP).

36. Turf Toe Toe and Foot Conditions -Occurs after forceful extension of the Great Toe -Causing damage to the ligaments on the plantar surface of the foot.

37. Jones Fracture Toe and Foot Conditions -Occur in the small area of the fifth metatarsal that receives less blood supply and more prone to difficulties in healing. -Jones fractures are caused by overuse, repetitive stress, or trauma. They are less common and more difficult to treat than avulsion fractures.

38. Plantar Fasciitis Toe and Foot Conditions -Occurs when the long fibrous plantar fascia ligament along the bottom of the foot develops tears in the tissue resulting in pain and inflammation

39. Morton’s Neuroma Toe and Foot Conditions -occur in response to irritation, pressure or injury to one of the nerves that lead to your toes. -The growth of thickened nerve tissue (neuroma) is part of your body's response to the irritation or injury.

40. Lateral Ankle Sprain (Inversion) Foot and Ankle Conditions -Most common type of ankle sprain -Occurs when the foot is forced to invert in which you roll over on the outside of your foot. -The Anterior Talofibular Ligament is most commonly involved ligaments in this type of sprain. -90% of ankle sprains are inversion injuries

41. Eversion Ankle Sprain Foot and Ankle Conditions -Significantly Less common - Occurs due to forceful eversion of the foot. Stretching deltoid ligament.

42. Calcaneal Bursitis Foot and Ankle Conditions -Inflammation of the calcaneal bursae -Most commonly caused by repetitive overuse and cumulative trauma, as seen in runners wearing tight-fitting shoes.

43. Achilles Tendonitis Foot and Ankle Conditions -Inflammation of the Achilles Tendon -Most commonly caused by repetitive overuse and cumulative trauma, as seen in runners wearing tight-fitting shoes.

44. Achilles Tendon Rupture Foot and Ankle Conditions -Rupture can occur while performing actions requiring explosive acceleration, such as pushing off or jumping.