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QUALITY OF SEALED POLYTHENE WATER IN KADUNA AND LAGOS

QUALITY OF SEALED POLYTHENE WATER IN KADUNA AND LAGOS. Presentation at the 29 th WEDC International Conference at Abuja Sheraton Hotel and Towers, Nigeria on 22 - 26 September 2003. CONTENT Introduction Materials and Methods Result and Analysis Discussion

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QUALITY OF SEALED POLYTHENE WATER IN KADUNA AND LAGOS

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  1. QUALITY OF SEALED POLYTHENE WATER INKADUNA AND LAGOS Presentation at the 29th WEDC International Conference at Abuja Sheraton Hotel and Towers, Nigeria on 22 - 26 September 2003 O.O.O. Oni National Water Resources Institute, Kaduna

  2. CONTENT • Introduction • Materials and Methods • Result and Analysis • Discussion • Conclusion, Lessons and Suggestions O.O.O. Oni

  3. INTRODUCTION • Sealed Polythene packaged water or “Pure Water” evolved due to poor quality water from public water supply and lack of access to potable water. • Poliferation of manufacturing outfits led to Government regulation and control to safeguard public health through the National Agency for Food and Drugs Administration and Control (NAFDAC) • Study involves evaluation of randomly selected samples from 20 different producers. 3 samples constitute a batch for a producer. O.O.O. Oni

  4. METHOD • Study conducted between the months of December to April, the peak of dry season. • Key parameters for physico-chemical parameters – pH, turbidity, conductivity measured instrumentally. Sulphate, nitrate, hardness and chloride determined by titration. • Bacteriological assessment was by membrane filter technique. O.O.O. Oni

  5. RESULTS 1. Physico Chemical • Values for all samples for Kaduna and Lagos for pH, nitrate, total dissolved solids, hardness, conductivity met the NAFDAC and WHO guidelines. • Sample 1 and 10 from Lagos had turbidity of 15 NTU and 16 NTU respectively while Sample 17 from Kaduna had 10 NTU. Guideline limit is 5 NTU. • Overall the sample generally met the required drinking water guidelines of NAFDAC and WHO. O.O.O. Oni

  6. Bacteriological Results • Lagos – (sample 1-10) * Seven (7) or 70% had faecal coliform * One (1) Sample had 20 coliform per 100ml. * 80% or 8 of 10 samples do not meet the bacteriological requirement for drinking water • Kaduna – (sample 11-20) * Five (5) or 50% had faecal coliform * Five (5) had no faecal coliform * 50% of the samples do not meet backetriological requirement for drinking water. O.O.O. Oni

  7. OBSERVATIONS AT PRODUCERS’ SITE • Inadequate provision of space leading to overcrowding of workers. • Hygienic handling by staff was deficient and sanitation by some producers are not desirable. • Periodic change of the water filter were delayed. • No evidence of continuous quality control, and in-house microbiological monitoring. O.O.O. Oni

  8. DISCUSSION • NAFDAC (2001) and WHO (1984) guideline emphasized drinking water should not contain faecal coliform. • Lagos had 80% while Kaduna had 50% of samples with faecal coliform. Even when chemical components meet acceptable limit, the microbiological quality of drinking water is of paramount importance’ (Mendie,1992). • Test of statistical analysis shows a significant difference between samples analysed and the accepted standard (Lagos 1.865 and Kaduna 1.742 at 95% level of Sig.) O.O.O. Oni

  9. CONCLUSIONS/LESSONS/WAY FORWARD • Study showed a good proportion of packaged water being sold are not potable. • Study result is comparable to that of Mendie (2002) who found 5-200 coliforms per 100ml in 10 producers studied. • Poor state of manufacturing environment, dirty filling equipment, contaminated packaging materials and lack of microbiological control is the bane of the producers. O.O.O. Oni

  10. Need for Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) such that products meet quality specification consistently. • NAFDAC must carry out stringent supervision and monitor the storage and shelf life of product. • Need to investigate the leaching effect of PVC packaging on the water. O.O.O. Oni

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