MATHS IN HISTORY LESSON

1. MATHS IN HISTORY LESSON CALENDAR CHANGES INTURKISH HISTORY

2. Let’sexamine math development in historylesson • Many concepts used in history lessons are important in mathematics. The relationship between mathematics and “ chronology” is another branch of science ,andvery important in history.

3. The general definition of time we use in history lessonis as follows. • TIME: a particular part of this period • The unit of time is measuredbythe CALENDAR. • The calculation of the period is used with concepts such as the era – century (century) – B.C. and A.C.andthey enable us to use mathematics.

4. In additiontothat, theuseanddefinition of the Roman numerals system in history lessons is done with the help of mathematics. • Example: I-V-IX-X-L-M

5. Today,we will try to explain the change between calendars by using mathematics. • CALENDAR:According to the movement of the sun, the moon and stars, it was necessary to divide the events into seasons, years, months, weeks, days, hours, seconds. With the developmentof technology in every field of mathematics, smaller units of measurement have been introduced.

6. Calendars are basically grouped into two groups. • The calendar based on the lunar year: The time it takes for the moon to complete it’s rotation around the world. Approximately 29 days 12 hours 44 minutes and 3 seconds. Even the minutes and seconds here actually matter a lot.It was first used by Sumerians in Mesopotamia. The Hijri Calendarused today is the basis of the calendar. • The calendarbased on solar year: Ayear is 365 days 6 hours.The lunar year is 10 days 20 hours 59 minutes and 12 seconds shorter than the solar year. Because of thisdeficiency 32 solar yearsareequalto 33 lunaryear. The 6hour difference is accepted once every 4 years and is added to the month of February. In February, that year attracts 29 days, and this year is called theleapyear. Used for the first time in Egypt. It is the foundation of the GregorianCalendarused today.

7. As the Turkish nation, we started to use the Hijri calendar when they acceptedIslam inthe X (10th)century • Hijri calendar : ( Hijri-Hijrah means Arabic language meaning * It is the calendar that Muslims started to use in the time of Caliph Omar. (m.Six hundred thirty nine) * It is based on thelunaryear*It is divided into 12 months. * M 622 , IS THE BEGINNING OF THE HIJRI CALENDAR. (ProphetMuhammad's emigration from Mecca to Medina.) • In 1926, during the era of great leader MUSTAFA KEMAL ATATÜRK, our new state passed to GREGORIANcalendar. Thus, the date difference between the HIJRI CALENDAR which we used for 1000 years and GREGORIAN CALENDAR based on the solar yearwas revealed and this problem was overcomedbythehelp ofmathematics in our lessons.

8. To convert from the Hijri calendar to the Gregoriancalendar; • 1. STEP: HijriYear = Difference 33 • 2.STEP: HijriYear – Difference = Result • 3.STEP: Result + 622 = GregorianYear • Note: * 33 means. Every 33 years there is an additional 1 year. We divide and remove these years to find and fall. • *622 is the basic numerical difference between Gregorianand Hijri calendar

9. Example:We are turning 1300 Hijricalendaryearsto the year of gregoriancalendar. • 1.STEP: 1300 = 39 33 • 2.STEP: 1300-39 = 1261 • 3.STEP: 1261 + 622 = 1883

10. TO CHANGE A GREGORIANYEAR INTO A YEAR OF HIJRI ; • 1.STEP: GregorianYear – 622 = Result • 2.STEP: Result = Quoitent 33 • 3.STEP: Quotient+ Result = HijriYear

11. Example:We are changingGregorian2017 into a Hijri calendar. • 1.STEP: 2017 – 622 = 1395 • 2.STEP: 1395 = 42 33 • 3.STEP: 1395 + 42 =1437 HijriYear